tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1710130579120445892024-02-20T12:04:40.319-08:00Ryan Faterna Unrampeternakan UNRAM is the best.....!!Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-20383149406305458152012-02-25T08:03:00.000-08:002012-02-25T08:03:13.511-08:00NUTRISI TERNAK POTONG<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b> PROBIOTIK<u> </u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><u>PENDAHULUAN</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Istilah probiotik berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang sebenarnya merupakan lawan dari antibiotik. Sedangkan Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mendefinisikan probiotik sebagai bakteri hidup yang apabila diberikan dalam jumlah yang sesuai akan memberikan efek yang menguntungkan pada tubuh manusia. Atau dalam kata lain, probiotik adalah suplemen mikroba hidup yang dapat menyeimbangkan bakteri dalam usus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><u>SEJARAH PROBIOTIK</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">.Konsep probiotik sudah dikenal sejak 2000 tahun yang lalu. Namun baru awal abad ke-19 dibuktikan secara ilmiah oleh <b><i>Ilya Metchnikoff</i></b>, seorang ilmuwan Rusia yang bekerja di Institut Pasteu, Paris. <b><i>Metchnikoff</i></b> mendapatkan, bangsa Bulgaria yang mempunyai kebiasaan mengonsumsi yogurt (susu fermentasi) tetap sehat dalam usia lanjut. Metchnikoff menyatakan bahwa mikro-organisme yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan terdiri dari dua jenis, ada yang menguntungkan dan ada yang merugikan. Pemberian yoghurt yang mengandung Lactobasillus bulgaricus (bakteri yang menguntungkan) meningkatkan kesehatan dan harapan hidup seperti terjadi pada penduduk Balkan. Prinsip kerja bakteri-bakteri probiotik (lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium) bekerja secara anaerob menghasilkan asam laktat mengakibatkan turunnya pH saluran pencernaan yang menghalangi perkembangan dan pertumbuhan bakteri-bakteri pathogen. Berbeda dengan bakteri pathogen (Escherichia coli) yang mendiami daerah dinding pencernaan untuk mengembangkan penyakit, bakteri-bakteri probiotik mendiami mukosa pencernaan yang juga berakibat perubahan komposisi dari bakteri yang terdapat dalam saluran pencernaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Pada saat ternak mengalami stres, keseimbangan mikro-organisme dalam saluran pencernaan terganggu, mengakibatkan sistem pertahanan tubuh menurun dan bakteri-bakteri pathogen berkembang dengan cepat. Pemberian probiotik dapat menjaga keseimbangan komposisi mikro-organisme dalam sistem pencernaan ternak berakibat meningkatnya daya cerna bahan pakan dan menjaga kesehatan ternak.</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><b><u>DEFINISI PROBIOTIKA</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Istilah “probiotika” berasal dari bahasa yunani “probios” yang dalam biologi berarti untuk kehidupan. Istilah tersebut pertama kali digunakan untuk menjelaskan substansi (zat) yang disekresikan oleh suatu mikroba / mikroorganisme yang dapat memacu pertumbuhan (Fuller, 1992). Istilah probiotika didefinisikan kembali oleh Fuller pada tahun 1989 bahwa probiotika adalah sebagai makanan tambahan berupa mikroba hidup baik bakteri maupun kapang / yeast yang mempunyai pengaruh yang menguntungkan pada hewan inang dengan memperbaiki keseimbangan mikroba dalam saluran pencernaan (Fuller, 1992). Mikroba-mikroba tersebut secara alami telah ada dalam tubuh hewan, ternak atau manusia, dan merupakan bagian pertahanan tubuh karena membantu tubuh melawan mikroba-mikroba yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Didalam saluran pencernaan mikrobamikroba ini mendukung kesehatan saluran pencernaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">McNaught and MacFie (2000) mengemukakan bahwa mikroba bisa dikatakan mempunyai status probiotika bila memenuhi sejumlah kriteria sebagai berikut :</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Bisa diisolasi dari hewan inang dengan spesies yang sama;</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Mampu menunjukkan pengaruh yang menguntungkan pada hewan inang;</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Tidak bersifat patogen;</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Bisa transit dan bertahan hidup dalam saluran pencernaan hewan inang;</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b>Sejumlah mikroba harus mampu bertahan hidup pada periode yang lama selama dalam penyimpanan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Walaupun istilah probiotika yang berkaitan dengan makanan tambahan (feed supplement) baru dimulai pada sekitar tahun 1974, tetapi penggunaan mikroba hidup sebagai makanan tambahan telah dimulai dari ratusan tahun sebelumnya. Makanan yang pertama sekali mengandung mikroorganisme hidup adalah susu fermentasi (Fuller, 1992), dan saat ini dikenal sebagai dadih di Sumatera Barat dan yoghurt yang banyak dijual dipasaran.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><u>MEKANISME KERJA PROBIOTIKA</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Mekanisme kerja dari probiotik masih banyak yang kontroversi, tetapi beberapa mekanisme berikut penting untuk menjadi bahan pertimbangan, antara lain adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b>1. Melekat / menempel dan berkolonisasi dalam saluran pencernaan.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Kemampuan probiotika untuk bertahan hidup dalam saluran pencernaan dan menempel pada sel-sel usus adalah sesuatu yang diinginkan. Hal ini merupakan tahap pertama untuk berkolonisasi, dan selanjutnya dapat dimodifikasi untuk sistem imunisasi / kekebalan hewan inang. Kemampuan menempel yang kuat pada sel-sel usus ini akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mikroba-mikroba probiotika berkembang dengan baik dan mikrobamikroba patogen terreduksi dari sel-sel usus hewan inang, sehingga perkembangan organisme-organisme patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit tersebut, seperti <i>Eshericia</i> <i>coli, Salmonella thyphimurium </i>dalam saluran pencernaan akan mengalami hambatan. Sejumlah probiotik telah memperlihatkan kemampuan menempel yang kuat pada sel-sel usus manusia seperti <i>Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus</i> <i>plantarum </i>dan sejumlah besar <i>Bifidobacteria</i>. (McNaught and MacFie, 2000).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b>2. Berkompetisi terhadap makanan dan memproduksi zat anti mikrobial</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Mikroba probiotika menghambat organisme patogenik dengan berkompetisi untuk mendapatkan sejumlah terbatas substrat bahan makanan untuk difermentasi. Substrat bahan makanan tersebut diperlukan agar mikroba probiotika dapat berkembang dengan baik. Substrat bahan makanan yang mendukung perkembangan mikroba probiotika dalam salauran pencernaan disebut “prebiotik” (Patterson and Burkholder, 2003). Prebiotik ini adalah terdiri dari bahan-bahan makanan yang pada umumnya banyak mengandung serat. Pada makanan manusia prebiotik dapat ditemukan pada beberapa jenis makanan seperti biji-bijian, sayur-sayuran seperti brocoli, kembang kol, sayuran hijau, buah-buahan, produk olahan kedalai seperti tempe, tahu, tauco, beberapa sumber karbohidrat seperti terigu, bawang merah dan bawang bombai (Anonymous, 2003; Anonymous, 2004). Sejumlah mikroba probiotika menghasilkan senyawa / zat-zat yang diperlukan untuk membantu proses pencernaan substrat bahan makanan tertentu dalam saluran pencernaan yaitu enzim. Mikroba-mikroba probiotika penghasil asam laktat dari spesies <i>Lactobacillus</i>, menghasilkan enzim selulase yang membantu proses pencernaan. Enzim ini mampu memecah komponen serat kasar yang merupakan komponen yang sulit dicerna dalam saluran percernaan ternak unggas. Saat ini penggunaan bahan makanan ternak (pakan) untuk unggas kebanyakan berasal dari limbah industri atau limbah pertanian yang pada umumnya mengandung serat kasar tinggi. Penggunaan mikrobamikroba probiotika yang menghasilkan enzim selulase mampu memanfaatkan makanan berserat kasar tinggi dari limbah industri dan pertanian tersebut, dan mikroba probiotika membantu proses pencernaan sehingga serat kasar dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pertumbuhan jaringan dan peningkatan pertambahan bobot badan. Mikroba probiotika juga mensekresikan produk anti mikrobial yang dikatakan bacteriocin. Sebagai contoh <i>Lactobacillus aciodophilus </i>menghasilkan dua komponen <i>bacteriocin </i>yaitu bacteriocin lactacin B dan <i>acidolin. Bacteriocin lactacin B </i>dan <i>acidolin </i>bekerja menghambat berkembangnya organisme patogen (McNaught and MacFie, 2000).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b>3. Menstimulasi mukosa dan meningkatkan sistem kekebalan hewan inang</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Mikroorganisme probiotika mampu mengatur beberapa aspek dari system kekebalan hewan inang. Kemampuan mikroba probiotika mengeluarkan toksin yang mereduksi / menghambat perkembangan mikroba-mikroba patogen dalam saluran pencernaan, merupakan suatu kondisi yang dapat meningkatkan kekebalan hewan inang. Toksin-toksin yang dihasilkan tersebut merupakan antibiotika bagi mikroba-mikroba patogen, sehingga penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh mikroba patogen tersebut akan bekurang dan dapat hilang atau sembuh dengan sendirinya. Hal ini akan memberikan keuntungan terhadap kesehatan hewan inang sehingga tahan terhadap serangan penyakit. Penggunaan probiotika pada ternak unggas dilaporkan dapat menurunkan aktivitas urease, suatu enzim yang bekerja menghidrolisis urea menjadi amonia sehinggga pembentukan amonia menjadi berkurang. Amonia adalah suatu bahan yang dapat menyebabkan keracunan pada ternak unggas (Yeo and Kim, 1997).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><u><span style="color: black;">MIKROBA PROBIOTIKA</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Sejumlah spesies mikroba telah berhasil diisolasi, dan telah diidentifikasi dan digunakan sebagai probiotika. Fuller (1999) melaporkan bahwa mikroba-mikroba yang termasuk kedalam probiotika antara lain adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Lactobacillus delbrueckki subspesies bulgaricus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. acidophilus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. casei subspesies casei</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. rhamnosus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. reuteri</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. plantarum</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. fermenteum</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. brevis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">L. lactis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Streptococcus salivarius subspesies thermophilus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">S. lactis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Enterococcus faecium</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">E. faecalis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Bifidobacterium bifidum</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. pseudolongum</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. brevis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. thermophilus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Bacillus subtilis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. cereus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. toyoi</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. natto</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. mesentricus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">B. licheniformis</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Clostridium butyricum</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Pediococcus pentosaceus</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Aspergillus oryzae, dan</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: black;">Candida pintolepsi</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Beberapa mikroba probiotik telah diperjual belikan secara komersial, baik dalam bentuk tunggal (hanya satu macam mikroba probiotika) maupun dalam bentuk campuran (lebih dari satu macam mikroba). Sebagai contoh “GAIA feed” adalah probiotika yang hanya mengandung satu macam mikroba yaitu <i>Lactobacillus reuteri </i>(Fuller, 1999), “Probiolac” (produksi Intervet, salem India) terdiri dari <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus,</i> <i>Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus faecium</i> dan <i>Torulopsis spp</i>.(Panda <i>et al</i>., 2003). “Protexin” (produksi Novartis probiotics international, UK) terdiri dari <i>Lactobacillus plantarum, L.delbruecki subspecies</i> <i>bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Bifodobacterium bifidum, Stretococcus</i> <i>salivarius subspesies thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Aspergillus oryzae </i>dan <i>Candida pentolepsi </i>(Balevi <i>et al., </i>2001; Fuller, 1999)<i>, </i>serta masih banyak lagi jenis probiotika komersial yang lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><u>PROBIOTIK UNTUK TERNAK</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Probiotik merupakan pakan tambahan dalam bentuk mikroba hidup yang dapat memberikan pengaruh menguntungkan bagi ternak inangnya dengan meningkatkan keseimbangan populasi mikroba dalam saluran pencernaan ternak yang bersangkutan (Fuller, 1979). Sedangkan menurut Ritonga (1992b) probiotik didefinisikan sebagai suatu kultur spesifik dari mikroorganisme hidup seperti bakteri dari Strain Lactobacillus yang dapat memberikan efek-efek menguntungkan pada ternak serta dapat berfungsi untuk memperbaiki keseimbangan mikrobial di dalam saluran pencernaan ternak.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">Syarat probiotik adalah : bakteri tersebut tidak patogen terhadap ternak maupun manusia, bakteri tersebut harus merupakan mikroorganisme yang normal berada di dalam saluran pencernaan dan sanggup melakukan kolonisasi didalam usus, harus tahan terhadap asam-asam lambung, dan garam-garam empedu, enzim-enzim pencernaan, maupun respon-respon kekebalan didalam tubuh ternak, serta sanggup memproduksi zat-zat anti bakteri yang berspektrum luas pada bakteri-bakteri patogen pada saluran pencernaan manusia (Ritonga, 1992a). Umumnya yang memenuhi syarat-syarat tersebut diatas adalah bakteri dari Strain Lactobacillus dan Pediococci spp.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Probiotik untuk unggas</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Hasil penelitian yang menggunakan anak-anak ayam yang diberi kultur bakteri asam laktat sebesar 0,2 % pada ransumnya menunjukkan pertambahan berat badan yang nyata dibanding kontrol. Disamping itu efisiensi pakan yang merupakan perbandingan antara pakan yang dikonsumsi dengan pertambahan berat badannya secara nyata lebih rendah dibanding kontrol. Populasi <i>Lactobacillus</i> pada saluran pencernaannya juga lebih tinggi dibanding kontrol (<b>Jin, et al., 1996a</b>). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Probiotik pada ayam biasa di ber ikan melalui air minumnya dan sangat baik diber ikan pada ayam yang dikandangkan dan dalam keadaan 'stress', dalam keadaan ini ayam sangat mudah ter serang penyakit yang ser ing kali mengakibatkan kematian. <i>Lactobacillus </i>mempunyai pengaruh antagonisme terhadap berbagai jenis dan strain <i>Salmonella </i>dan <i>Escherichia coli </i>(<b>Jin, et al., 1996b</b>). Kemampuan bakteri asam laktat untuk menekan per tumbuhan berbagai bakter i baik Gram positif maupun Gram negative sudah lama diketahui. Proses penekanan itu diduga karena produksi asam-asam organik, misalnya asam laktat dan asam asetat, yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai bakteri, produksi hidrogen peroksida yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri patogen.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Probiotik untuk ruminansia (sapi, kerbau dll)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Secara umum pemberian probiotik bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak, tetapi secara khusus dapat berupa peningkatan populasi mikroba, peningkatan kecernaan serat,perbaikan stabilitas pH, perubahan proporsi <i>volatile fatty acid </i>(VFA) dan peningkatan konsumsi pakan serta peningkatan pertambahan berat badan. Dampak positif pemberian probiotik pada ternak dapat dirasakan dalam jangka waktu yang lama, karena apabila kondisi optimum pada saluran pencernaannya telah tercapai selanjutnya ternak akan tetap bertahan sehat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Probiotik sangat bermanfaat apabila diberikan pada ternak yang sedang mengalami 'stress', misalnya pada waktu pengiriman dari satu daerah ke daerah lain. <i>Lactobacillus </i>sp. TSD-10, probiotik hasil penelitian Puslitbang Bioteknologi-LIPI, merupakan probiotik untuk sapi yang menunjukkan indikasi perbaikan per tumbuhan pada pedet. Di samping itu hasil pengujian secara <i>in vitro </i>menunjukkan peningkatan konsentrasi VFA (<b>Widyastuti, et al., 1996</b>). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Berbagai laporan yang dirangkum Wallace & Newbold (1992) menyatakan pemakaian probiotik dari Yeast dan kapang yang efektif baik pada ternak muda maupun ternak dewasa. Pemberian <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </i>meningkatkan konsumsi pakan dan pertambahan berat badan anak sapi dan anak domba setelah disapih serta memperbaiki konsumsi dan pertambahan berat badan pada anak sapi yang baru mengalami <b>'stress'</b> akibat pengangkutan. <i>Aspergillus oryzae </i>dapat merangsang per tambahan berat badan anak sapi, konsumsi bahan ker ing dan dapat mempercepat penyapihan, disamping itu juga merangsang perkembangan rumen dan meningkatkan jumlah bakteri amilolitik, pektinolitik, selulolitik, hemiselulolitik dan secara keseluruhan pada total bakterinya. Kedua jenis mikroba tersebut juga dapat memperbaiki produksi susu dan kandungan lemaknya pada sapi perah. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Pertumbuhan <i>Selenomonas ruminantium </i>HD4, meningkat sekitar 10 % selama 24 jam pada medium yang mengandung trypticase, ekstrak Yeast dan DL-laktat dengan penambahan kultur <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </i>(<b>Callaway & Martin,1997</b>). Penerapan pemakaian kultur kamir pada ransum ternak dimaksudkan untuk membantu menekan konsentrasi laktat dengan cara merangsang per tumbuhan bakteri rumen yang dapat memfermentasikan laktat. Dengan demikian pengaruh negatif yang berhubungan dengan asidosis laktat dapat dikurangi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Probiotik untuk babi</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Pemakaian probiotik pada anak babi pada saat lahir dan disapih dapat meningkatkan per tambahan berat badan harian sebesar rata-rata 190 g dibanding 150 g pada kontrol. Angka kematian yang disebabkan oleh mencret dapat ditekan menjadi 0 % dibanding kontrol sebesar 7,5 %. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Adanya perbaikan pada konsumsi dan efisiensi konver si pakan sangat menguntungkan para peternak, terutama pada waktu penjualan babi. Usaha peternakan babi sudah merupakan suatu industr i yang bersifat komersial. Resiko yang ditimbulkan akibat penyakit infeksi yang mengganggu saluran pencernaan merupakan hal yang sangat merugikan. Pengobatan dengan menggunakan antibiotik dan obat-obat lain sudah banyak dilakukan, tetapi tampaknya pemakaian probiotik lebih menar ik dikaitkan dengan berbagai alasan. Laporan terbaru (<b>Tae-Kwang & Benno, 1998</b>) menyebutkan bahwa <i>Lactobacillus </i>sp. TSC-66 merupakan strain yang baik untuk pembuatan probiotik pada babi, karena telah terbukti dapat menekan <i>E.coli,</i> <i>Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus </i>dan <i>Clostridium perfringens.</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Probiotik pada akuakultur</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Salah satu upaya yang dapat di lakukan guna mempertahankan keberlanjutan daya dukung ekosistem tambak adalah melalui penggantian aplikasi bahan kimia dan obat-obatan melalui aplikasi musuh alami hama penyakit dan patogen. Program eksplorasi dan pengembangan musuh alami untuk pengendalian hama dan penyakit akan sangat efektif diterapkan dalam upaya pengendalian hama dan penyakit terpadu yaitu melalui aplikasi probiotik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk mengembangkan probiotik yang dapat mengendalikan penyakit telah di lakukan studi mengenai mikroorganisme yang mempunyai kemampuan menekan patogen. Salah satu bentuk probiotik adalah konsorsia bakter i antagonis terhadap patogen udang yang efektif menekan pop ulasi patogen dalam ekosistem tambak. <i>Lactobacillus </i>spp. dilaporkan efektif menghambat vibr iosis (Jiravanichpaisal dan Chauychuwong, 1997), <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens </i>dapat menghambat <i>Vibrio anguilarum</i> (Gram <i>et al., </i>1999), <i>Bacillus </i>spp. dan <i>Staphylococcus </i>spp. yang berasal dari tambak mampu menekan bakteri <i>Vibrio </i>(Suprapto, 2005). Pemanfaatan bakteri antagonis sebagai agen pengendalian hayati akan semakin penting dari segi ekosistem akuakultur , karena dapat mengurangi bahkan menghi langkan penggunaan antibiotik sehingga tercipta sistem budidaya ramah lingkungan sekaligus menerapkan sistem keamanan hayati untuk mengurangi risiko kontaminasi penyakit pada produksi budidaya udang.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Salah satu pengendalian bakteri patogen adalah mempertemukan dengan bakteri antagonisnya. Vershere <i>et al. </i>(2000) <i>cit. </i>Isnansetyo (2005) mengemukakan bahwa bakteri antagonis dalam perannya sebagai agen pengendalian hayati melalui mekanisme menghasi lkan senyawa penghambat pertumbuhan patogen, kompetisi pemanfaatan senyawa tertentu atau kompetisi tempat menempel, mempertinggi respon imun inang, meningkatkan kualitas air dan adanya interaksi dengan fitoplankton. Bakteri antagonis yang digunakan sebagai agen pengendalian hayati dimasukkan dalam istilah probiotik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Menurut Gatesoupe (1999), probiotik merupakan mikrobia yang diberikan dengan berbagai cara sehingga masuk dalam saluran pencernaan dengan tujuan mempertinggi derajat kesehatan inang. Menurut Gomez-Gil <i>et al. </i>(2000) <i>cit. </i>Tepu, (2006)<i>, </i>pengendalian hayati adalah penggunaan musuh alamiah untuk mengurangi kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh organisme yang berbahaya atau pengaturan populasi penyakit oleh musuh alamiahnya. Tjahjadi <i>et al. </i>(1994) menyatakan bahwa populasi bakteri <i>Vibrio harveyii </i>di lingkungan pemeliharaan udang dapat ditekan dengan cara mengintroduksikan bakteri tertentu yang diisolasi dari perairan laut di sekitar tambak atau pembenihan udang. <i>Tetraselmis suecica </i>dilaporkan mampu menghambat <i>Aeromonas hydrophila, A.</i> <i>salmonidica, Serratia liquefaciens, Vibrio anguilarum, V. salmonisida, Yerisnia rockery </i>(Austin <i>et</i> <i>al., </i>1992), <i>Lactobacillus </i>spp. dilaporkan efektif menghambat vibriosis (Jiravanichpaisal dan Chauychuwong, 1997), <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens </i>dapat menghambat <i>Vibrio anguilarum </i>(Gram <i>et</i> <i>al.</i>, 1999), <i>Bacillus </i>spp., dan <i>Staphylococcus </i>spp. yang berasal dari tambak mampu menekan bakteri <i>Vibrio </i>(Sprapto, 2005). Bakteri <i>Vibrio </i>sp. NM 10 yang diisolasi dari <i>Leiognathus nuchalis </i>bersifat antagonis terhadap <i>Pasteurella piscicida </i>karena menghasi lkan protein dengan berat molekul kuang dari 5 kDA. Protein tersebut diduga <i>bacteriocin </i>atau senyawa serupa <i>bacteriocin </i>(<i>bacteriocin like substance</i>) (Sugita <i>et</i> <i>al., </i>1997 <i>cit. </i>Isnansetyo, 2005). <i>Bacteriocin </i>adalah senyawa yang banyak dihasilkan oleh bakteri asam laktat (Ringo and Gatesoupe, 1998). Kamei dan Isnansetyo (2003) menemukan <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. AMSN mampu menghambat pertumbuhan <i>Vibrio alginolyticus </i>karena menghasilkan senyawa 2,4 diacetylploroglucinol. <i>Bacillus </i>sp. NM 12 yang diisolasi dari intestine ikan <i>Callionymus </i>sp. Mampu menghambat <i>Vibrio vulnificus </i>RIMD 2219009 dengan cara menghasi lkan siderofor (Sugita <i>et al.,</i> 1998). Siderofor merupakan protein spesifik pengikat ion Fe dengan berat molekul rendah yang mampu melarutkan Fe yang mengendap. Mekanisme tersebut merupakan kompetisi pemanfaatan senyawa ter tentu oleh mikroorganisme. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><b><i>(Fakhrudin Al Rozi - Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta)</i></b> Peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik pada akuakultur malah diikuti oleh bertambahnya penyakit patogenik dan seringkali hal ini sekarang dikaitkan dengan meningkatnya resistensi bakteri patogen terhadap bahan kimia (antibiotik). Ke-kuatiran pun muncul dari aplikasi antibiotik pada ikan konsumsi terhadap manusia. Dari berbagai sumber ilmiah disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan antibiotic (seperti Quinolone, Tetracycline dll.) menyebabkan mutasi kromosom pathogen atau akuisisi plasmid. Berbagai solusi diupayakan antara lain vaksinasi, teknologi budidaya yang lebih baik, code of practices, best management practices dan lain sebagainya, tentunya membawa dampak positif pada perkembangan akuakultur . </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">Penggunaan probiotik yang bekerja melalui mekanisme tertentu untuk melawan pathogen, saat ini dipandang sebagai langkah alternatif. Beberapa tahun terakhir probiotik yang sudah biasa digunakan pada manusia dan binatang mulai diaplikasikan kepada bidang akuakultur (Gatesoupe, 1999; Gomez-Gil et al., 2000; Verschuere et al., 2000; Irianto and Austin, 2002; Bache`re, 2003). Pemberian probiotik pada ikan (secara internal), berdasarkan peneliti Thailand dan Jepang pada ikan nila (<i>Tilapia nilotica) </i>menyebutkan adanya penurunan mor talitas dari 75 % pada control menjadi 5,2 % pada ikan-ikan yang diberi probiotik. Sedangkan kenaikan berat badan mencapai 46,3 % dibanding 9,6 % pada kontrol.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><u>PENGARUH PROBIOTIK TERHADAP TERNAK</u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Penelitian yang berkaitan dengan pemberian probiotik terhadap pakan ternak telah banyak dilakukan. Pemberian Lactobacillus acidophilus pada pakan ternak meningkatkan pertambahan berat badan sapi dan efesiensi makanan, sementara tingkat kematian ternak sapi menurun dari 7,5 persen menjadi 1,5 persen akibat pemberian probiotik. Pemberian probiotik Bio-CAS berfungsi untuk membantu meningkatkan efisiensi pencernaan ternak. Bio-Cas terdiri dari bakteri dari Genus Ruminococcus, Bakteroides, Laktobacillus, serta genus jamur fermentatif lainnya yang berfungsi merombak bahan organik kompleks menjadi bahan organik sederhana sehingga lebih mudah dicerna oleh enzim pencernaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 5 cc Bio-cas pada sapi Bali yang diberikan pakan tambahan 2 kg dedak padi/ekor/hari ternyata mampu memberikan pertambahan berat badan sapi Bali sebesar 600-650 g/ekor/hari. Pada ternak ayam pemberian Lactobacillus meningkatkan pertambahan berat badan 491,3 g/hari dibandingkan dengan kontrol 459,6 g/ hari. Namun, penelitian pada babi pengaruh probiotik baru jelas terlihat apabila ternak tersebut berada dalam kondisi stres, sementara keadaan normal tidak terdapat pengaruh nyata.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E6E6; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Di samping bakteri, fungi juga digunakan sebagai probiotik. Saccharomyces cerevisiea dan Aspergillus oryzae merupakan jenis fungi yang banyak digunakan dalam pakan ternak. Saccharomyces cerevisiea mempunyai karakteristik khusus dalam pakan ternak karena kemampuannya memproduksi asam glutamat yang dapat meningkatkan palatability dari pakan tersebut. Berbeda dengan bakteri, fungi merupakan mikro-organisme yang mempunyai tingkat resisten yang tinggi dan dapat hidup pada kondisi yang kurang menguntungkan, di samping itu juga fungi mudah dikembang biakkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian Aspergillus niger meningkatkan berat badan 5,9 persen dan meningkatkan efisiensi pakan 0,8 persen. Peningkatan penampilan ternak akibat pemberian Aspergillus niger disebabkan oleh meningkatnya asam lemak terbang (volatile fatty acids) seperti asam asetat, asam butirat, dan asam propionat yang merupakan sumber energi bagi ternak terutama ternak ruminansia (sapi, kerbau, atau kambing). Juga dilaporkan bahwa pemberian Saccharomyces cerevisie dapat meningkatkan daya cerna protein dan serat seperti selulosa dan hemiselulosa. Transpor ternak dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya dapat mengakibatkan ternak menjadi stres, penambahan fungi pada pakan ternak selama masa perpindahan ternak dapat menjadi salah satu pemecahan masalahan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E6E6; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E6E6; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><b>Probiotik dalam Pencernaan Serat Kasar pada Ruminansia</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E6E6; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Dalam usaha meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan untuk menghasilkan produk ternak secara optimal perlu adanya bahan pakan yang memiliki nilai gizi tinggi. Zat gizi yang terkandung didalam pakan kadang-kadang berada pada ikatan molekuler yang sulit dicerna sehingga tidak dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber zat gizi yang diperlukan ternak. Dengan makanan jenis kasar, pola fermentasinya sebagian besar melalui multiplikasi organisme-organisme pencerna serat kasar yang mencerna selulosa dan hemiselulosa. <b>Urutan pola fermentasi dalam rumen adalah glukosa → silosa → pati → selulosa.</b> Peranan mikroba rumen dalam membantu pemecahan zat gizi dalam pakan dan mengubahnya menjadi senyawa yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh ternak merupakan keuntungan yang dimiliki oleh hewan ruminasia. Pakan yang berserat merupakan pakan yang biasa untuk ternak ruminasia, namun pemecahan komponen serat (selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin) sangat tergantung pada aktivitas enzimatis mikroba rumen serta sifat degradabilitas komponen serat tersebut. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas enzimatis mikroba rumen dapat dirangsang melalui induksi sintesis enzim maupun melalui peningkatan populasi mikroba tertentu (Hobson dan Jouany, 1988). Pemanfaatan probiotik yang merupakan campuran berbagai spesies mikroorganisme, terutama mikroorganisme yang mampu memecah komponen serat (cellulolytic microorganism) melalui pakan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas ternak. Hal ini berkaitan dengan meningkatnya kecepatan cerna (rate of digestion) serat pada awal proses pencernaan sehingga mempengaruhi ketersediaan energi adenosine triphospate (ATP) yang diperlukan dalam poliferasi mikrobial rumen. Nilai kecernaan semu (extend of digestion) pada umumnya tidak mengalami perubahan yang berarti terutama setelah waktu inkubasi selama 48 jam. Manipulasi rumen dapat diarahkan utuk meningkatkan efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan melalui maksimalisasi kecernaan nutrien maupun sintesis protein mikroba rumen. Manipulasi ini dapat digunakan melalui penggunaan antibiotik, defaunasi, peghambatan produksi methan, maupun penggunaan probiotik. Serangkaian penelitian pemafaatan probiotik dalam pakan telah dilakukan di BALITNAK secara in vitro maupun in vivo dengan hasil yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh positif terhadap peningkatan kecernaan komponen serat pakan maupun terhadap produktivitas ternak (Haryanto et al, 1998).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black;">Pemberian Probiotika Dan Manfaatnya Pada Ternak Unggas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Di dalam saluran pencernaan baik hewan, ternak atau manusia terdapat sekitar 100 sampai 400 jenis mikroba, yang secara sederhana dikelompokkan dalam mikroba baik (yang menguntungkan) dan mikroba jahat (yang merugikan yang bisa menyebabkan penyakit atau mikroba patogen). Semua mikroba hidup dalam keseimbangan. Jika keseimbangan tergganggu, misalnya mikroba jahat lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan mikroba baik, maka timbullah penyakit. Terjadinya diare misalnya adalah akibat bakteri <i>Esheriacia coli</i>, cholera oleh bakteri <i>Vibrio cholerae </i>atau thypus oleh bakteri <i>Salmonella</i> <i>Thypimurium</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Pemberian probiotika seperti telah dikemukakan dibagian terdahulu adalah untuk memperbaiki keseimbangan populasi mikroba didalam saluran pencernaan hewan, dimana mikroba-mikroba yang menguntungkan populasinya lebih tinggi dari populasi mikroba yang merugikan. Pada manusia, perbandingan persentase jumlah mikroba yang baik yang diajurkan adalah sekitar 85:15 (Anonymous, 2004). Perbandingan tersebut tentu saja dapat dicapai dengan pemberian atau penggunaan probiotika dan prebiotika. Pemberian probiotika pada ternak unggas bisa diberikan dalam bentuk campuran ransum atau diberikan melalui air minum, atau dalam bentuk probiotika yang hanya mengandung satu macam strain mikroba saja atau dalam bentuk campuran terdiri dari beberapa strain mikroba seperti “probiolac” atau “protexin”.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Beberapa keuntungan dari penggunaan probiotika pada hewan / ternak antara lain adalah dapat memacu pertumbuhan, memperbaiki konversi ransum, mengontrol kesehatan antara lain dengan mencegah terjadinya gangguan pencernaan terutama pada hewan-hewan muda, prapencernaan faktor-faktor anti nutrisi seperti penghambat trypsin, asam phitat, glukosinolat dan lain-lain (Havenaar <i>et al</i>., 1992). Pemberian probiotika pada ayam broiler dilaporkan dapat memperbaiki pertumbuhan, angka konversi serta meningkatkan ketersediaan vitamin dan zat makanan lain (Barrow, 1992; Yeo and kim, 1997). Pemberian probiotika pada ayam broiler sebaiknya dilakukan selama 3 minggu pertama pemeliharaan (Yeo and Kim, 1997). Pada ayam petelur dilaporkan bahwa pemberian probiotika (protexin pada taraf 500 ppm) dapat memperbaiki produksi telur, konsumsi ransum, tetapi tidak terhadap berat telur (Bahlevi <i>et al</i>., 2001), sedangkan Panda <i>et al </i>(2003) melaporkan pemberian probiotika (probiolac pada taraf 100 mg/kg ransum) dapat memperbaiki produksi telur, berat kerabang dan tebal kerabang telur serta menurunkan kadar kolesterol pada kuning telur. Dibeberapa negara Eropa dan Amerika saat ini sedang dikampanyekan pembatasan penggunaan antibiotika pada hewan-hewan ternak. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya resistensi dari penggunaan antibiotika dan menghindari pengaruh negatif antibiotika pada manusia (konsumen). Selain itu pemberian antibiotika juga bisa menggangu keseimbangan mikroba didalam saluran pencernaan. Sebagai alternatif yang aman dari penggantian penggunaan antibiotika adalah dengan pemberian probiotika, karena tidak mempunyai pengaruh samping yang negatif bila diberikan dalam dosis yang tepat (Patterson and Burkholder, 2003; Cavazzoni <i>et al., </i>1998; Yeo and Kim, 1997). Penggunaan probiotika juga merupakan suatu cara pendekatan untuk mengurangi atau mencegah terjadinya kontaminasi penyakit terutama penyakit thypus terhadap produk-produk unggas yaitu daging dan telur, sehingga daging dan telur yang dihasilkan higienis dan aman untuk dikonsumsi sesuai dengan standard kesehatan (Patterson and Burkholder, 2003). Hal ini sebagai akibat terreduksinya mikroba-mikroba pathogen penyebab penyakit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black;">Penggunaan probiotika saat ini tidak hanya berkembang pada ransum-ransum hewan atau ternak, tetapi juga berkembang pada makanan manusia. Sejumlah produk makanan manusia (pangan) telah juga dilengkapi dengan probiotika dan prebiotika, seperti produk olahan susu untuk bayi. Susu formula untuk bayi dilengkapi dengan probiotika dimaksudkan agar dalam salauran pencernaan bayi berkembang mikrobamikroba yang menguntungkan sehingga bayi lebih tahan terhadap penyakit dan lebih sehat. Produk olahan lain adalah susu fermentasi seperti yogurt dan yakult. Dengan demikian pemberian probiotika pada ternak unggas diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat terutama peningkatan performance / penampilan produksi yaitu kuantitas (produksi ternak dan daging yang tinggi) dan kualitas (kualitas telur dan daging yang baik dan higienis) sehingga kedepan diharapkan dapat menjadikan usaha peternakan unggas menjadi lebih ekonomis dan menguntungkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b>Pengaruh Probiotik Pada Ternak Unggas</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Penambahan probiotik dalam ransum secara nyata dapat meningkatkan pertambahan berat badan ayam. Hal ini sebagai akibat dari meningkatnya konsumsi ransum. Peningkatan konsumsi ransum ini akan diikuti dengan peningkatan konsumsi zat-zat makanan lainnya, khususnya asam-asam amino dan mineral yang sangat erat sekali kaitannya dengan pertumbuhan (Wahyu, 1988). Adanya zat probiotik dalam ransum juga dapat meningkatkan kecernaan zat-zat makanan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Menurut Barrow (1992), pada dasarnya ada dua tujuan utama dari penggunaan probiotik pada unggas yaitu : (1) Untuk tujuan manipulasi mikroorganisme saluran pencernaan bagian anterior (crop, gizard dan usus halus) dengan menempatkan mikroflora dari strain Lactobacillus sp dan (2) Untuk meningkatkan daya tahan ternak dari infeksi Salmonella. Dilaporkan oleh Jin et al. (1997), manfaat probiotik pada unggas adalah : (1) Menempatkan mikroorganisme yang menguntungkan dan menekan mikroorganisme yang merugikan; (2) Meningkatkan aktivitas enzim-enzim pencernaan dan menekan aktivitas enzim-enzim bakteri yang merugikan; (3) Memperbaiki feed intake dan pencernaan; dan (4) Menekan produksi gas amonia dan merangsang sistem pertahanan tubuh.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Ramia dan Bidura (2000), melaporkan bahwa suplementasi probiotik dalam ransum ternyata dapat meningkatkan berat karkas dan persentase daging karkas, sebaliknya menurunkan jumlah lemak sub kutan termasuk kulit. Dilaporkan juga bahwa penurunan kandungan protein dalam ransum ternyata menurunkan berat karkas dan jumlah daging karkas, Sebaliknya jumlah lemak subkutan termasuk kulit menurun. Kandungan protein ransum yang lebih rendah dari standar yang direkomendasikan ternyata menurunkan pertumbuhan ayam dan sebaliknya dengan adanya suplementasi 0,20 % probiotik dalam ransum berprotein rendah, pertumbuhan ayam meningkat dibandingkan dengan kontrol (Ramia dan Bidura, 2000). Bidura dan Candraasih (2001) menyatakan bahwa suplementasi probiotik dalam ransum berprotein rendah secara nyata menurunkan jumlah lemak subkutan termasuk kulit dibandingkan dengan kontrol pada itik Bali jantan umur 8 minggu.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><u>APAKAH <span style="color: #333333;">MANUSIA MEMBUTUHKAN PROBIOTIK JUGA ?</span></u></b><u><span style="color: #333333;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #333333;">Saluran cerna manusia, terutama usus besar, dihuni lebih dari 500 spesies bakteri baik dan jahat dalam jumlah triliunan. Berbagai jenis bakteri tersebut ada di dalam tubuh manusia akibat tempat hidup manusia atau lingkungan memang tidak steril. Masalah akan timbul apabila bakteri jahat jumlahnya berlebihan. Itulah sebab dibutuhkan bakteri baik dalam tubuh untuk menyeimbangkannya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333;">Jumlah bakteri baik dan jahat yang tidak seimbang dalam usus bisa diakibatkan oleh banyak hal, misalnya stres, penyakit, atau penggunaan antibiotik dapat mengakibatkan berbagai gangguan kesehatan seperti sariawan, perut kembung, sembelit, diare, dan lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333;">Biasanya, agar tubuh tetap sehat, disarankan agar jumlah bakteri baik dalam tubuh jumlahnya lebih banyak dibandingkan bakteri jahat, sehingga populasi bakteri yang menguntungkan lebih dominan dibandingkan bakteri yang merugikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333;">Salah satu cara mengupayakannya adalah menambah jumlah bakteri baik dengan mengkonsumsi makanan atau minuman yang mengandung probiotik. Sumber probiotik bisa diperoleh dari susu fermentasi (yogurt), keju, susu sapi, jus, dan susu bayi. Probiotik umumnya dijumpai dalam kemasan tablet, kapsul, maupun serbuk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><i><span style="color: #333333;">Amankah jika berlebihan?</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333;">Tentu saja aman, dan tak perlu cemas sebab jika kelebihan probiotik maka secara otomatis ia akan dikeluarkan oleh tubuh melalui kotoran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><i>Mengapa kita butuh probiotik ?</i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Dosen patofisiologi, dr. M. Juffrie, Sp.A K., Ph.D (bagian ilmu kesehatan anak FK UGM) menganalogikan tubuh sebagai sebuah pohon. Pohon ini memiliki akar, batang, daun, dan buah. Pastinya, ia juga harus memiliki akar yang kuat dan sehat untuk dapat menyerap unsur hara dalam tanah. Akar ibarat saluran pencernaan yang juga harus dijaga.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">Di dalam saluran penceranaan kita, terdapat 100 triliun sel bakteri dan lebih dari 500 macamnya. Artinya, terdapat 105-107 sel bakteri per gram-nya. Secara garis besar, bakteri ini dikelompokkan menjadi bakteri baik dan bakteri jahat. Bakteri baik misalnya: Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, dan Lactobacillus. Sementara bakteri jahat contohnya: Escheriachia coli, Clostridium perfringence, Salmonella, dan Staphilococcus. Jumlah bakteri baik di dalam saluran cerna kita ini harus dijaga agar kesehatan saluran cerna berada dalam keadaan optinal.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">Tentunya bakteri yang termasuk probiotik harus memenuhi sejumlah kondisi sebagai berikut:</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Tahan hidup di saluran cerna setelah dikonsumsi: Tahan terhadap lisozim, asam lambung dan asam empedu.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Menjaga keseimbangan bakteri di dalam usus dengan memproduksi hasil metabolisme, kompetitif perlekatan pada reseptor epitel. Hasil metabolisme probiotik: asam laktat, H2O2, bakteriosin, laktase, bile salt hydrolase, dan peptidoglycan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><b><i>Bakteri yang termasuk Probiotik :</i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">Genera Lactobacillus:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><i>L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. lactis, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. helveticus</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">Genera Bifidobacterium:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><i>B. longum, B. breve, B. bifidus, B. lactis, B. substilis, B. infantis</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">Genera Strptococcus:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;"><i>S. thermophillus</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><i>Manfaat probiotik</i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Walaupun tidak begitu tenar, menurut Wood (1992), probiotik yang berisi milyaran mikroba ini memiliki 5 manfaat, yaitu:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i>1. Melindungi saluran pencernaan dari bakteri patogen</i></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Probiotik menghasilkan H2O2 dan bakteriosin sebagai bakterisida atau anti mikroba bagi bakteri jahat. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Probiotik juga melekatkan diri pada reseptor sel epitel usus sehingga bakteri patogen tidak bisa melekat (karena perlekatan dengan bakteri patogen dapat menyebabkan infeksi). </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i>2. Menurunkan kasus kanker kolon</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">Probiotik menurunkan kasus kanker kolon dengan metode:</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Penghambatan sel kanker </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Penghambatan terhadap bakteri yg memproduksi b-glucosidase, b-glucuronidase, dan azoreductase yg mengkatalisa konversi prokarsinogen mjd proksimal karsinogen </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Destruksi karsinogen spt nitrosamin dan menurunkan aktivitas nitroreductase </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">menyerap senyawa karsinogenik daging panggang dengan mengeluarkan peptidoglycan. </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i>3. Menurunkan kasus gangguan intestin – diare dan konstipasi</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Diare karena bakteri patogen (Salmonella) dan rotavirus mrpk problem di semua negara. Bahkan angka kematian pd bayi karena diare mencapai 30%. Probiotik yg digunakan umumnya L. rhamnosus GG dan B. Longum. Juga disarankan treatment diare dgn antibiotik, harus diikuti dgn pemberian probiotik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i>4. Menurunkan kolesterol dalam serum</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">Mekanisme:<br />
a. Penghambatan sintesa kolesterol</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Probiotik menghasilkan enzim BSH (bile salt hydrolase) yang dapat membantu menurunkan kolesterol. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Probiotik menghasilkan metabolit yg dpt menghambat sintesa kolesterol di hati, yaitu HMG CoA </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">b. Pengikatan kolesterol dengan melakukan asimilasi kolesterol di saluran pencernaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><i>5. Menurunkan alergi terhadap susu</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">Apabila kadar Enzim ?-galaktosidase kurang, maka kita terkena diare. Probiotik dapat menurunkan kadar laktosa pada susu dengan mengeluarkan enzim laktase (mencerna laktosa menjadi monosakarida).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><u>SUMBER / DAFTAR PUSTAKA</u></b></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.jogjapromo.com/saccharo-super-probiotik/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://en.jogjapromo.com/saccharo-super-probiotik/</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.rudyct.com/PPS702-ipb/09145/agus_budiansyah.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.rudyct.com/PPS702-ipb/09145/agus_budiansyah.pdf</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.biotek.lipi.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=557:Probiotik%252%20%20%200Untuk%20Ternak%20Sapi&catid=51&Itemid=55"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.biotek.lipi.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=557:Probiotik%2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0Untuk%20Ternak%20Sapi&catid=51&Itemid=55</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://badunglahne.blogspot.com/2009/05/probiotik-dan-manfaatnya-pada.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://badunglahne.blogspot.com/2009/05/probiotik-dan-manfaatnya-pada.html</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.sungaibaru.com/produk/lihatProduk.php?id=4"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.sungaibaru.com/produk/lihatProduk.php?id=4</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.gizi.net/cgi-bin/berita/fullnews.cgi?newsid1012190510,19960"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.gizi.net/cgi-bin/berita/fullnews.cgi?newsid1012190510,19960</span></a>,</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.tabloid-nakita.com/artikel.php3?edisi=07331&rubrik=sehat"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.tabloid-nakita.com/artikel.php3?edisi=07331&rubrik=sehat</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotik"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotik</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://drakeiron.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/info-sinbiotik/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://drakeiron.wordpress.com/2008/11/20/info-sinbiotik/</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://foodcorner.seributiga.com/index.php?paged=16"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://foodcorner.seributiga.com/index.php?paged=16</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://lifeandpleasure.com/?page_id=13"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://lifeandpleasure.com/?page_id=13</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://migroplus.com/brosur/Profil%20produk%20MiG%20Queen%20Innoculant%20warna.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://migroplus.com/brosur/Profil%20produk%20MiG%20Queen%20Innoculant%20warna.pdf</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://ekofebrian.blogspot.com/2009/03/probiotik-untuk-tubuh-lebih-sehat.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://ekofebrian.blogspot.com/2009/03/probiotik-untuk-tubuh-lebih-sehat.html</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.smartlifenetwork.com/profiber.jsp"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.smartlifenetwork.com/profiber.jsp</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="http://wrm-indonesia.org/content/blogsection/0/14/9/774/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://wrm-indonesia.org/content/blogsection/0/14/9/774/</span></a></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left;">http://geasy.wordpress.com/2007/08/06/probiotik/</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-74487795775281412872012-02-25T07:58:00.005-08:002012-02-25T07:58:28.422-08:00Take Home ILMU MAKANAN TERNAK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. criteria rumput potongan adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>produksi persatuan luas cukup tinggi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>tumbuh tinggi secara vertical.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Banyak anakan dan responsive terhadap pemupukan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tidak tahan renggutan dan injakan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">Contoh rumput yang termasuk rumput potongan antara lain : pennisetum purpurium, pannicum maximum, euchlaena mexicana, setaria spacelata, panicum coloratum dan sudan grass.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. criteria rumput gembala adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tumbuh pendek atau menjalar dengan stolon.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tahan renggut dan injak, maka rumput tersebut harus memiliki perakaran yang kuat dan dalam.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tahan kekeringan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Produksi persatuan luas rendah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">Contoh rumput yang termasuk rumput gembala adalah : brachiaria brizanta, brachiaria ruziziensis, brachiaria mutica, paspalum dilatatum, digitaria decumbens, chloris gayana dan African star grass (cynodon plectostachyrus).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas hijauan tanaman makanan ternak .</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada dua factor yang mempengaruhi yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Factor genetic.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Faktor genetik adalah merupakan faktor bawaan dari hijauan tersebut. Contohnya adalah legume dapat menambahkan nitrogen kedalam tanah, tetapi gramine tidak dapat melakukan hal tersebut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Factor lingkungan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Faktor lingkungan mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting. Mutu yang ada pada setiap jenis hijauan yang diwariskan oleh sifat genetik, hanya mungkin bisa di pertahankan atau ditingkatkan apabila factor lingkungan memadai.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Adapun beberapa factor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi mutu hijauan adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Keadaan tanah atau daerah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">Produktivitas hijauan makanan ternak, pada setiap tempat akan berbeda menurut daerah atau jenis tanahnya. Hal ii masing-masing dipengaruhi oleh subur tidaknya tanah, kaya tidaknya unsure hara yang terdapat didalam tanah. Semakin tanah kaya akan unsur hara, semakin hijauan akan menjadi subur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Iklim</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Iklim bisa menentukan jumlah serta mutu hijauan makanan ternak. Di daerah basah, tanaman hijauan dewasa cepat menjadi mundur mutunya, kadar air hijauan terlalu tinggi. Dan pada daerah kering kadar serat kasar hiauan sangat tinggi, kandungan air tanaman rendah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Perlakuan manusia (management)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Perlakuan yang dimaksud disin ialah menyangkut pengaturan pemotongan serta cara-cara pengelolaan yang baik dan teratur.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">4. Perbedaan dari segi agronomis dan nilai nutrisi antara tanaman leguminosa dengan graminae.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Segi agronomis</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tanaman leguminosa Mampu memperbaiki unsur N dalam tanah, karena kemampuan leguminosa untuk mengikat N dari udara oleh bakteri yang terdapat dalam bintil-bintil akar, <b>sedangkan</b> tanaman graminneae tidak mampu melakukan hal seperti itu.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tanaman leguminosa di daerah tropis dimana kelembaban rendah dapat tumbuh dengan baik karena perakarannya yang dalam , <b>sedangkan</b> tanaman gramineae tidak mampu tumbuh kembang dengan baik.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 81.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Segi nilai gizinya</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dilihat dari segi nilai gizi tanaman leguminosa memiliki nilai gizi yang cukup tinggi, terutama kandungan protein dan kadar mineralnya, sedangakan tanaman gramineae sangat rendah kandungan proteinnya tetapi tinggi kandungan serat kasarnya, dan hanya ternak ruminansia saja yang mampu mengkonsumsi serat kasar dalam jumlah besar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">5. companion cropping adalah penanaman tanaman yang berbeda dalam suatu area lahan pertanian, yang biasa di tanam adalah tanaman gramineae dengan tanaman leguminosa. Pada teori bahwa mereka saling membantu dalam serapan unsure hara, pengendaian hama, penyerbukan dan factor lain yang diperlukan dalam meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemilihan bibit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pada umumnya jenis hijauan adaptasinya terhadap jenis tanah atau lingkungan lebih luas dan mudah bila dibandingkan dengan tanaman pangan. Walaupun demikian kenyataannya , sebelum menentukan untuk memilih suatu bibit yang akan ditanam hendaknya mempertimbangkan beberapa factor yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit sesuai dengan lingkunagan setempat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit tersebut mudah dikembangkan dan dikelola.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit tersebut bias memberikan produksi yang lebih tinggi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">7. perencanaan pengelolaan makanan ternak.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a. tujuan dari pengelolaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Tujuan dari pengelolan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produktivitas mutu maupun jumlah hijauan makanan ternak sehingga kebutuhan akan hiajauan dapat terpenuhi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">b. pemilihan lokasi</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Di dalam menetukan tempat atau lokasi hendak dipakai sebagai areal penanaman hijauan, baik sebagai produksi potongan atau pun pengembalaan, perlu dipertimbangkan factor-faktor kesuburan tanah dan iklim, topografi yang berkenaan dengan pemupukan, komukasi serta sumber air.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c. pengolahan lahan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Maksud pengolahan lahan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Pengolahan lahan bermaksud untuk mempersiapkan media tumbuh yang optimal bagi suatu tanaman. Sebab tanah yang diolah secara sempurna berarti :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Membersihkan tanah dari tumbuhan liar atau pengganggu.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Menjamin perkembangan system perakaran yang sempurna.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memperbaiki aerasi tanah dan kelembaban</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo11; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Memperbaiki kelestarian dan kesuburan tanah serta persediaan air tanah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Saat pengolahan lahan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; text-align: justify;">Saat pengolahan lahan yang baiak adalah sesaat sebelum musim penghujan tiba. Sehingga pada awal musim penghujan dapat langsung dilakukan penanaman.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tahap-tahap pengolahan lahan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Tahap-tahap pengolahan lahan yang baik meliputi land-clering, pembajakan dan penggaruan. Namun hal ini kesemuannya tergantung pula kepada kondisi tanah setempat, jenis tanaman yang hendak ditanam, serta bahan penanaman yang dipergunakan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. pembibitan dan pemilihan bibit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">untuk memilih suatu bibit yang akan ditanam hendaknya mempertimbangkan beberapa factor yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit sesuai dengan lingkunagan setempat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit tersebut mudah dikembangkan dan dikelola.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Apakah bibit tersebut bisa memberikan produksi yang lebih tinggi</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">e. penanaman (sistem penanaman , jarak tanam, dll)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>System penanaman</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">System penanaman yang akan dilakukan adalah dengan system companion cropping (legume sebagai tanaman sela hijauan pakan).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bahan penanaman.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">Bahan penanaman yang akan digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan bahan penanaman biji.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jarak tanam</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">Jarak tanam adalah berkisar antara 10-20 cm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">f. pemeliharaan (penyiangan, pemupukan)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam rangka pemeliharaan adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Penyiangan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">Penyiangan adalah melakukan pemberantasan jenis-jenis rumput liar ataupun tumbuhan lainnya yang mengganggu tanaman pokok.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">Cara melakukan penyiangan :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mekanis</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in;">Penyiangan yang dilakukan dengan cara mencangkul untuk membongkar tanaman liar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Biologis</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in;">Penyiangan yang dilkuakan dengan cara memperbaiki keadaan tanah. Biasanya tanah ditanami dengan pupuk hijau, seperti : centro, colopagenium mucunoides , dll.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kimiawi </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in;">Penyiangan dengan menggunakan obat-obat herbisida.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pemupukan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">Pemupukan dapat menggunakan pupuk organic ataupun anorganik tergantung kemauan kita sebagai pengelolanya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">Untuk bisa memperoleh pemupukan yang optimal perlu diketahui :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Unsure hara dalam tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>pH tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>tekstur tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo13; tab-stops: list 135.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>sifat tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in;">beberapa cara pemupukan yang akan digunakan adalah :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>disebar rata di permukaan tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>ditanam dalam baris-baris, kemudian ditimbuni tanah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>dibenam dalam lubang-lubang disekitar tanam.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;">g. defoliasi (pemotongan/ pemanenan)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>untuk menjamin pertumbuhan kembali (regrowth) yang optimal, yang sehat dan kandungan gizi, defoliasi dilakukan pada periode tertentu, yakni pada akhir vegetatif atau menjelang berbunga. Defolasi dilakukan 40 hari sekali pada musim penghujan, dan 60 hari sekali dimusim kemarau.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>f. penyimpanan (segar atau kering)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>penyimpanan hiajuan dilakukan denga penyimpanan kering yaitu dengan cara memperlakukan hiajuan sebagai hay ataupun selase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdapat beberapa metode perkembang biakan tanaman makanan ternak yaitu :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Perkembang biakan dengan penanaman biji.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Adalah suatu metode perkembang biakan tanaman makanan ternak yang menggunakan biji sebagai bahan penanamannya, yang dapat dilkukan dengan dua cara, yakni larikan dan disebar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">Contoh tanaman yang perkembang biakannya dengan biji :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pannicum maximum (gramineae)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Centrosema pubescen ( legume)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Perkembang biakan dengan penanaman pols</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Adalah suatu metode perkembang biakan tanaman makanan ternak yang menggunakan sobekan rumpun sebagai bahan penanamannya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Tanaman rumput yang ditanam dengan bahan pols, bagian vegetatifnya harus dipotong. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk agar tanaman baru ini tidak terlampau banyak penguapan, sebelum system perakarannya bias aktif mengisap air.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Contoh tanaman yang perkembang biakannya dengan pols :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Panicum coloradum (gramineae)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Stylosanthes guyanensis (legume)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Perkembang biakan dengan penanaman stek dan stolon</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Adalah suatu metode perkembang biakan tanaman makanan ternak yang menggunakan potongan batang (stek) dan potongan batang yang merayap atau batang yang berimpit dengan tanah (stolon) sebagai bahan penanamannya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Contoh tanaman yang perkembang biakannya dengan stek dan stolon :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pennisetum purpureum (gramineae)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kolonjono (gramineae)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Peuraria phaseoloides ( legume)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-63035365839532002562012-02-16T10:09:00.001-08:002012-02-16T10:14:12.113-08:00DOU MBOJO ATAU DOU BIMA KAH KITA<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DOU MBOJO ATAU DOU BIMA KAH KITA? </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kefatalan generasi adalah ketika sejarah ditoreh secara tidak gamblang dan disadur dengan tidak apa adanya. Lebih ironi lagi ketika sejarah tersebut diungkap secara tidak transparan dan ditutup-tutupi keberadaannya. Dana Mbojo memiliki sejarah yang panjang, dikenal sejak jaman Naka hingga jaman Modern saat ini. Namun banyak catatan naskan kuno Dana Mbojo yang terbengkalai dimana-mana. Ada yang ditemukan di Belanda, di Makassar, di Reo serta ada pula yang ditemukan di Singapura dan Afrika. Dari naskah kuno serta artifak sejarah yang ditemukan, dilakukanlah perangkaian catatan sejarah Dana Mbojo dari A sampai Z. namun memang perlu permaklumatan apabila ditengah rangkaian tersebut terjadi miss antara cerita B ke C dan sebagainya. Namun sangat tidak pantas dan merupakan kejahatan turun temurun apabila rangkaian sejarah diendap demi pelanggengan kekuasaan semu. Seperti tulisan kanda Zainuddin tentang Asal Usul Masyarakat Bima pada kolom Artikel dan Opini pada website ini beberapa waktu lalu. Dari beberapa tulisan tersebut menyatakan bahwa ` Dou Mbojo asli adalah Dou Doro (orang pegunungan), sedangkan orang pesisir adalah pendatang'. Pada tulisan tersebut juga menyatakan bahwa Dou Mbojo percaya dengan Ncuhi yang berasal dari makakimbi-makakamba (mistik). Kemudian percaya dengan adanya `Parafu' yang merupakan simbolitas ke-Tuhan-an yang bisa datang melalui Batu, Pohon, Gunung, Laut dan sebagainya. Sehingga muncul lah kepercayaan animisme ditengah Dou Mbojo. Terima kasih kepada kanda Zainuddin, karena melalui tulisan kanda saya terinspirasi untuk menyusun tulisan sederhana dihadapan pembaca ini. Dari tulisan ini saya mengawali dengan ungkapan `protes' atas beberapa buku sejarah Bima, lebih-lebih terhadap Buku BO' Sangaji Kai yang ditulis oleh Henri Chambert-Loir dan Siti Maryam R. Salahuddin. Sebab buku BO' Sangaji Kai tidak mengungkap sejarah Bima dengan jelas dan atau tidak mengungkap keterkaitan berbagai hubungan Sejarah Dana Mbojo yang lainnya. Saya telah lima kali menamatkan Buku BO' Sangaji Kai hanya untuk mencari catatan tentang Kudeta ataupun peristiwa pahit yang terjadi ditengah kerajaan Bima. Misalnya Kudeta yang dilakukan oleh Jeneli Sape yang hanya diungkapkan melalui pertanyaan oleh Gubernur Belanda di Makassar pada tahun 1792 kepada Sultan Abdul Hamid. Dari pertanyaan tersebut tidak ada jawaban maupun cerita lebih lanjut dalam buku BO' Sangaji Kai maupun Buku-buku sejarah lainnya. Begitupula dengan cerita La Hila yang selalu diangkat, sedangkan La Mbila tidak pernah diangkat. Padahal mereka berdua adalah adik kakak yang merupakan Mahkota kerajaan. Baru-baru ini ditemukan naskah Kuno yang menyatakan bahwa La Hila melakukan Kudeta atas kekuasaan Kakaknya, La Mbila. Kemudian La Mbila hilang begitu saja dalam beberapa catatan sejarah Bima. Dalam Buku BO' Sangaji Kai, La Mbila disebutkan ada 2 yaitu Rumata Makapiri Solo dan Rato Bumi Renda Manuru Suntu, tanpa menjelaskan La Mbila tersebut adalah orang atau Gelar. Kemudian catatan lain adalah tentang penaklukan tanah timur (Solo, Sawu, Solor, Sumba, Larantuka, Ende, Manggarai dan Komodo) oleh Makapiri Solo, anak dari Raja Bicara Rumata Mawa'a Bilmana. Kemudian sejarah lanjutan atas penaklukan Reo 21 tahun (1762 – 1792) yang merupakan cikal bakal adanya ASI POTA Mbojo dan Takapak tangan `Kahampa'. Serta masih banyak catatan sejarah Dana Mbojo lain yang masih menjadi misteri. Berbicara tentang Tapak Tangan `Kahampa'. Saya menemukan dua versi, yaitu merupakan Tapak pada jaman Batu (Naka) yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan Kalepe Parado dalam rangka menandai kekuasaan wilayahnya. Dan versi yang lain adalah tapak tangan sultan Bima yang menengahi pertumpahan darah antara Bima-Goa-Manggarai pada tahun 1762-1769. kemudian yang menjadi pertanyaan adalah tentang keberadaan kerajaan Kalepe di Parado. Sebab, dalam beberapa literature sejarah di Bima, tidak ada yang menulis tentang keberadaan kerajaan ini maupun asal usulnya. Yang ditemukan hanyalah puing-puing bangunan istana yang luluhlantah. Dari hasil kajian dan eksplorasi singkat saya dengan teman-teman budayawan Bima yang kemudian disenergiskan melalui diskusi ringan dengan sejarawan yang ada di Bima. Bahwa kerajaan Kalepe itu memang ada, yang merupakan kerajaan terbesar di pulau Sumbawa hingga Manggarai. Letak kerajaan Kalepe adalah diwilayah pegunungan Parado yang dibuktikan dengan adanya artifak dan puing-puing reruntuhan Istana kerajaan. Dari beberapa pembuktian yang ada, bahwa kerajaan Kalepe ini ada pada jaman Batu atau Jaman Naka yang merupakan jaman manusia belum mengenal huruf dan tulisan. Kerajaan kalepe inilah yang merupakan kerajaan Dana Mbojo sesungguhnya, sekaligus turun temurun Asli Dou Mbojo. Dari rangkuman cerita yang ada, Kerajaan Kalepe ditaklukan oleh Ncuhi Dara beserta sekutunya. Dari penaklukan ini, rakyat kalepe melarikan diri kearah Timur dan Barat sebab penyerangan dilakukan melalui arah utara. Yang ke barat hingga ke Tambora kemudian mendirikan kerajaan Peka (putih) di Tambora, sedangkan kearah Timur tidak diketahui. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan prasasti peninggalan-peninggalan yang antara lain, wadu pa'a, Karombo (karumbu), Temba Romba, dll. Sebagian masyarakat Kalepe yang tidak mampu lagi melarikan diri kemudian berhenti di Sambori, karena merasa tidak dikejar lagi maka mereka mendiami Sambori hingga sekarang yang kemudian disebut Donggo Ele. Sedangkan para tawanan perang dalam rangka penaklukan kerajaan Kalepe dibuang ke Donggo yang kemudian berkeluarga dan berketurunan sehingga menjadi Donggo Di' . Ada kemungkinan bahwa Ncuhi yang merupakan kepala suku (bukan dewa yang disebutkan) yang memimpin komunitas masyarakat atau dusun. Yang kemudian melakukan penggalangan kekuatan dalam melakukan pemberontakan kepada kerajaan. Penaklukan kerajaan Kalepe oleh Ncuhi Dara yang merupakan kepala dari lima Ncuhi yang disebut Ncuhi Na'e (Banggapupa, Dorowoni, Parewa, Bolo, Dara). Sedangkan munculnya Ncuhi yang lain seperti Ncuhi Donggo, Ncuhi Kolo serta Ncuhi Parado hadir kemudian. Setelah kerajaan Kalepe dikalahkan. Ncuhi-Ncuhi inilah yang memerintah masyarakat Dana Mbojo. Saya mencoba mengaitkan Logat yang ada di Bima melalui wilayah kesukuan Ncuhi diatas sebagai kepala suku-suku yang ada di Bima. Ncuhi Kolo merupakan Ncuhi yang berada di bentangan pegunungan Kolo hingga Wera (sentu wera), Ncuhi Bolo adalah yang mengepalai masyarakat wilayah Bolo kearah Barat (sentu sila), Ncuhi Parewa yang menguasai wilayah sakuru hingga Monta bagian dalam (sentu Monta-Tangga), Ncuhi Dorowani adalah pegunungan Belo hingga pegunungan kearah selatan sebelum Parado (sentu ngali-renda, cenggu-tente), Ncuhi Parado yang menguasai wilayah Parado kearah timur, Ncuhi Banggapupa mengepalai wilayah Lambu ke utara (sentu sape), Ncuhi Dara yang menguasai wilayah Rasanae, serta Ncuhi Donggo yang mengepalai wilayah pegunungan Donggo (sentu donggo). Sehingga saya menyimpulkan bahwa logat yang ada di Bima dibagi dalam delapan logat sesuai dengan kehidupan masing-masing suku yang dikepalai oleh salah seorang Kepala Suku (Ncuhi). Kehidupan Ncuhi beserta masyarakat yang dipimpinya terjadi sejak jaman Naka atau jaman Batu. Dari nama-nama tersebut, tidak ada satupun Ncuhi yang hidup atau berasal dari pesisir pantai. Semuanya berada dipegunungan atau di Gunung. Termasuk keberadaan kerajaan Kalepe yang merupakan kerajaan asli Dana mbojo. Sedangkan masyarakat pesisir yang mendiami kemudian adalah masyarakat pendatang. Yang sedikit demi sedikit memenuhi pesisir pantai diwilayah teluk Bima dalam rangka berdagang. Jika kita kaitkan dengan Sang Bima yang Nota Bene Menurunkan Raja Bima pertama yaitu Indra Jamrud. Yang terkenal dengan sumpah Danatraha-nya ` Ederu nahu surampa dou labo dana'. Sang Bima kita ketahui bersama hadir di Bima dalam 2 Versi yang berbeda yaitu melalui pulau Satonda dan melalui Nanga Belo (dermaga Bima pertama). Sang Bima, hadir sebagai pendatang yang sedang melakukan perjalanan ke Timur (tidak ada penjelasan perjalanan yang dilakukan apakah untuk memperluas wilayah kekuasaan atau secara kebetulan singgah). Kemudian Sang Bima mengajari para Ncuhi dan masyarakatnya tentang bagaimana mengenal huruf dan menulisnya. Dari sinilah Sang Bima diterima oleh para Ncuhi karena kemampuan membaca huruf dan tulisan. Konon Sang Bima menikah dengan salah satu Fare Pidu (tujuh peri) di Kolo (tanpa Catatan yang jelas). Sang Bima merupakan keturunan masyarakat Majapahit. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari asal kapal yang sang Bima tumpangi, Fam yang digunakan dalam namanya serta keturunannya yang selalu ke Majapahit dan beberapa diantaranya kemudian menikah dengan keturunan Majapahit. Kemudian muncul gelar Manggampo Jawa yaitu yang membawa baca tulis. Kemudian menjadi cikal bakal agama Hindu. Sehingga terkesan bahwa hadirnya Sang Bima yang katanya merupakan cikal bakal Dou Mbojo sekarang adalah merupakan keturunan Majapahit (Jawa). Kahadiran Sang Bima jauh setelah adanya Kerajaan Kalepe yang hidup pada jaman Naka yaitu kerajaan Dou Mbojo sebenarnya. Namun sangat disayangkan, bahwa kerajaan ini tidak memiliki catatan sejarah yang jelas. Ada namun diendapkan atau memang tidak ada sama sekali. wallahualam Jadi sebenarnya asal muasal Dou Mbojo adalah Dou Doro (dari pegunungan), bukan pesisir seperti yang di dongengkan selama ini. Namun nampaknya kesan ini dipudarkan melalui celaan, umpatan atau makaian dengan bahasa `nggomike dou doro poda', `sampula bune dou donggo', `pahu dou doro nggomike' dan seterusnya. Wajar jika dengan bahasa itu membuat kita marah karena disamakan dengan Dou Mbojo poda, padahal kita ini sudah merupakan peranakkan dou jawa (orang Jawa). Orang sambori asli dan Donggo Asli, akibat dipandang sebelah mata, mereka mengasingkan diri dalam kehidupannya. Hal ini sama dengan masyarakat asli Mengkasara (Makassar) yang mengasingkan diri di Kajang sebagai suku Kajang di Bulukumba. Masyarakat Bima hari ini kehilangan identitas diri akibat Pembauran keturunan yang terjadi, lebih-lebih ketika Makassar masuk Bima melalui kampung melayu yang dinobatkan sebagai kampung elite Bima atau lebih dikenal sebagai kampung suci karena para Lebe dan Majelis Sara Dana Mbojo dipenuhi oleh orang kampung Melayu. Kampung Melayu di Istimewakan oleh Sultan Bima, yang kemudian di istimewakan lagi dengan adanya perkawinan silang antara Kesultanan Bima dan Kesultanan Goa hingga Sultan Bima yang ke- 6 (enam) memerintah. Dan bahwa dari beberapa literature yang ada, perkawinan silang tersebut berlangsung selama 194 tahun lamanya. Dari gambaran singkat tersebut diatas. Sebenarnya kita adalah Dou Bima (orang Bima) bukan Dou Mbojo (orang Mbojo). Yang berhak menyandang gelar Dou Mbojo adalah masyarakat Donggo dan Sambori saja. Sebab merekalah aslinya Dou Mbojo selama ini. Sedangkan Dou Bima adalah blesteran dari berbagai asal keturunan (jawa, Makassar, Bugis, Gujarat, Cina, dll). Namun karena Dou Mbojo lah kita "ada". Dan karena Dana Mbojo lah kita diterima ditengah masyarakat. Dana Mbojo telah menempa kita juga menjadi Dou Mbojo. Maka sudah sepantasnya kita berbuat untuk Dana Mbojo. Sudah sewajarnya kita menghormati Dana Mbojo. Bukan untuk merampoknya, bukan untuk menodainya, bukan untuk memalukannya dan lebih-lebih untuk merampasnya. Inilah identitas kita sebagai Dou Bima yang tinggal di Dana Mbojo. ****** </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-2467274350126408332012-02-16T10:01:00.000-08:002012-02-16T10:01:13.999-08:00ASAL USUL MASYARAKAT BIMA (DOU MBOJO)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASAL USUL MASYARAKAT BIMA (DOU MBOJO)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarakat Bima yang sekarang kita kenal merupakan perpaduan dari berbagai suku, etnis dan budaya yang hampir menyebar di seluruh pelosok tanah air. Akan tetapi pembentukan masyarakat Bima yang lebih dominan adalah berasal dari imigrasi yang dilakukan oleh etnis di sekitar Bima. Karena beragamnya etnis dan budaya yang masuk di Bima, maka tak heran agama pun cukup beragam meskipun 90% lebih masyarakat Bima sekarang beragama Islam. Untuk itu, dalam pembahasan berikut akan kita lihat bagaimana keragaman masyarakat Bima tersebut, baik dilihat dari imigrasi secara etnis/budaya maupun secara agama/kepercayaan. Variasi Masyarakat Bima Berdasarkan Etnis/Budaya Orang Donggo Orang Donggo dikenal sebagai penduduk asli yang telah menghuni tanah Bima sejak lama. Mereka sebagian besar menempati wilayah pegunungan. Karena letaknya yang secara geografis di atas ketinggian rata-rata tanah Bima, Dou Donggo (sebutan bagi Orang Donggo dalam bahasa Bima), kehidupan mereka sangat jauh berbeda dengan kehidupan yang dijalani masyarakat Bima saat ini. Masyarakat Donggo mendiami sebagian besar wilayah Kecamatan Donggo sekarang, yang dikenal dengan nama Dou Donggo Di, sebagian lagi mendiami Kecamatan Wawo Tengah (Wawo pegunungan) seperti Teta, Tarlawi, Kuta, Sambori dan Kalodu Dou Donggo Ele. Pada awalnya, sebenarnya penduduk asli ini tidak semuanya mendiami wilayah pegunungan. Salah satu alasan mengapa mereka umumnya mendiami wilayah pegunungan adalah karena terdesak oleh pendatang-pendatang baru yang menyebarkan budaya dan agama yang baru pula, seperti agama Islam, Kristen dan bahkan Hindu/Budha. Hal ini dilakukan mengingat masih kuatnya kepercayaan dan pengabdian mereka pada adat dan budaya asli yang mereka anut jauh-jauh hari sebelum para pendatang tersebut datang. Kepercayaan asli nenek moyang mereka adalah kepercayaan terhadap Marafu (animisme). Kepercayaan terhadap Marafu inilah yang telah mempengaruhi segala pola kehidupan masyarakat, sehingga sangat sukar untuk ditinggalkan meskipun pada akhirnya seiring dengan makin gencarnya para penyiar agama Islam dan masuknya para misionaris Kristen menyebabkan mereka menerima agama-agama yang mereka anggap baru tersebut. Sebagaimana umumnya mata pencaharian masyarakat yang masih tergolong tradisional, mata pencaharian Dou Donggo pun terpaku pada berladang dan bertani. Sebelum mengenal cara bercocok tanam, mereka biasanya melakukan perladangan berpindah-pindah, dan karena itu tempat tinggal mereka pun selalu berpindah-pindah pula (nomaden). Berhadapan dengan kian gencarnya arus modernisasi, seiring itu pula pemahaman masyarakat akan kenyataan hidup berubah, terutama dalam hal pendidikan dan teknologi. Saat ini, telah sekian banyak para sarjana asli Donggo, yang umumnya menimba ilmu di luar daerah seperti Ujung Pandang, Mataram atau bahkan ke kota-kota di pulau Jawa seperti Bandung, Yogyakarta, Jakarta dan lain-lain. Demikian juga halnya dengan teknologi, yang akhirnya merubah pola hidup mereka seperti halnya dalam penggarapan sawah, kendaraan sampai alat-alat elektronik rumah tangga, karena hampir semua daerahnya telah dialiri listrik. Bahkan tak jarang mereka menjadi para penyiar agama seperti Da’i, karena telah begitu banyaknya mereka naik haji. Dou Mbojo (Orang Bima) Dou Mbojo yang dikenal sekarang awalnya merupakan para pendatang yang berasal dari daerah-daerah sekitarnya seperti Makassar, Bugis, dengan mendiami daerah-daerah pesisir Bima. Mereka umumnya berbaur dengan masyarakat asli dan bahkan menikahi wanita-wanitanya. Para pendatang ini dating pada sekitar abad XIV, baik yang datang karena faktor ekonomi seperti berdagang maupun untuk menyiarkan agama sebagai mubaliqh. Mata pencaharian mereka cukup berfariasi seperti halnya bertani, berdagang, nelayan/pelaut dan sebagian lagi sebagai pejabat dan pegawai pemerintah. Karena pada awalanya mereka adalah pendatang, pada beberapa generasi kemudian banyak juga yang merantau ke luar daerah untuk berbagai keperluan dan profesi seperti sebagai pegawai daerah, sekolah/kuliah, menjadi polisi/tentara, pedagang dan lain-lain. Umumnya mereka memiliki sifat ulet, mudah menyesuaikan diri dengan orang lain dan bahkan kasar. Hingga kini, beberapa daerah di Bima mewarisi sifat-sifat kasar ini seperti beberapa daerah (desa) di Kecamatan Sape, Wera dan Belo. Orang Arab dan Melayu Orang Melayu umumnya berasal dari Minangkabau dan daerah-daerah lain di Sumatera, baik sebagai pedagang maupun sebagai mubaliqh. Jumlah mereka termasuk minoritas, yang pada awalnya menempati daerah Bima pesisir Teluk Bima, Kampung Melayu dan Benteng. Terdorong oleh arus mobilitas penduduk yang cukup cepat, sekarang sebagian besar mereka telah membaur ke wilayah-wilayah pedalaman bersama masyarakat Bima lainnya. Orang Arab pun datang ke Bima sebagai pedagang dan mubaliqh. Awal kedatangan orang Arab umumnya sangat tertekan karena harus berhadapan dengan masyarakat Bima yang sudah cukup variatif. Mereka dianggap sebagai pendatang dari Arab, sebagai turunan Nabi. Akan tetapi, sekarang mereka telah diterima secara umum dan wajar, serta telah berbaur dengan masyarakat. Bahkan seiring dengan kuatnya pengaruh Islam melalui Hadirnya Kesultanan Bima, termasuk orang Melayu, sering dianggap istimewa karena biasanya pada masa Kesultanan Bima mereka diangkat sebagai Da’I dan pejabat hadat di seluruh pelosok tanah Bima. Pendatang Lainnya Para pendatang ini datang dengan latar belakang yang beragam, dengan menduduki berbagai profesi baik sebagai pejabat pemerintah, polisi/tentara, pedagang/pengusaha. Mereka datang dari Jawa, Madura, Ambon, Flores, Timor-Timur, Banjar, Bugis, Bali, Lombok yang kemudian membaur dan menikah dengan masyarakat Bima asli maupun dengan para pendatang lain. Orang Cina tak ketinggalan memiliki peran di Bima, yang umumnya berprofesi sebagai pedagang. Dari segi jumlah, orang Cina memang tergolong kecil namun karena mereka sangat gigih dan ulet, peran mereka dalam perekonomian Bima sangat signifikan. Variasi Masyarakat Bima Berdasarkan Agama Kepercayaan Makakamba - Makakimbi Kepercayaan ini merupakan kepercayaan asli penduduk Dou Mbojo. Sebagai media penghubung manusia dengan alam lain dalam kepercayaan ini, diangkatlah seorang pemimpin yang dikenal dengan nama Ncuhi Ro Naka. Mereka percaya bahwa ada kekuatan yang mengatur segala kehidupan di alam ini, yang kemudian mereka sebut sebagai “Marafu”. Sebagai penguasa alam, Marafu dipercaya menguasai dan menduduki semua tempat seperti gunung, pohon rindang, batu besar, mata air, tempat-tempat-tempat dan barang-barang yang dianggap gaib atau bahkan matahari. Karena itu, mereka sering meminta manfaat terhadap benda-benda atau tempat-tempat tersebut. Selain itu, mereka juga percaya bahwa arwah para leluhur yang telah meninggal terutama arwah orang-orang yang mereka hormati selama hidup seperti Ncuhi, masih memiliki peran dan menguasai kehidupan dan keseharian mereka. Mereka percaya, arwah-arwah tersebut tinggal bersama Marafu di tempat-tempat tertentu yang dianggap gaib. Masyarakat asli juga memiliki tradisi melalui ritual untuk menghormati arwah leluhur, dengan mengadakan upacara pemujaan pada saat-saat tertentu. Upacara tersebut disertai persembahan sesajen dan korban hewan ternak yang dipimpin oleh Ncuhi. Tempat-tempat pemujaan tersebut biasa dikenal dengan nama “Parafu Ra Pamboro”. Agama Hindu Sampai saat ini belum ada ilmuwan/sejarawan yang mengetahui secara pasti kapan agama Hindu memasuki tanah Bima. Dari sekian petunjuk peninggalan sejarah yang berupa prasasti maupun berbentuk monumen seperti prasasti Wadu Pa’a yang dipahat Sang Bima saat mengembara ke arah timur pada sekitar pertengahan abad VIII, bekas candi di Ncandi Monggo, prasasti Wadu Tunti di Rasabou Donggo, kuburan kuno Padende dan Sanggu di Pulau Sangiang, tidak meninggalkan informasi yang jelas tentang masuknya agama Hindu. Pengaruh agama Hindu dari Bali dan Lombok yang cukup besar tidak mampu menembus wilayah Bima, dan hanya bertahan di wilayah Dompu dan sebagian daerah Bolo. Agama Kristen Secara umum, Dou Mbojo tidak senang dengan kedatangan agama ini. Agama Kristen dianggap sebagai agama orang luar yang sangat berbeda dengan kenyataan hidup dan budaya mereka. Meskipun agama Kristen kurang mendapat angin segar dari Dou Mbojo, namun agama ini berhasil menyebar dan dianut oleh masyarakat pendatang lainnya seperti pendatang dari Timur, anggota polisi/tentara, serta pendatang dari Jawa dan Manado, yang awalnya mendiami daerah-daerah pesisir Bima dan kemudian sebagian kecil lagi memasuki daerah-daerah pedalaman. Akhir-akhir ini, tampaknya kegagalan sejarah tersebutlah yang kemudian memotivasi kembali kaum misionaris untuk melancarkan misinya ke daerah-daerah pelosok dan kepada masyarakat yang mendiami wilayah pegunungan dan tergolong terbelakang, melalui apa yang dikenal dengan program “Plan”. Namun, lagi-lagi misi ini bukan tak ada hambatan, karena kemudian Majelis Ulama Indonesia NTB melarang keberadaan mereka dengan segala aktivitasnya. Agama Islam Ada dua alasan utama kenapa agama Islam dapat lebih mudah diterima di Bima. Pertama, jauh-jauh waktu sebelum diberlakukannya secara resmi sebagai agama kerajaan, masyarakat Bima sudah lebih dulu mengenal agama Islam melalui para penyiar agama dari tanah Jawa, Melayu bahkan dari para pedagang Gujarat dari India dan Arab di Sape pada tahun 1609 M, yang awalnya dianut oleh masyarakat pesisir. Kedua, tentu saja peran yang penting adalah peralihan dari masa kerajaan kepada masa kesultanan yang kemudian secara resmi menjadikan agama Islam sebagai agama yang umum dianut oleh masyarakat Bima. Letak Bima yang strategis sangat mendukung sebagai jalur perdagangan antar daerah bahkan sebagai jalur transportasi perdagangan laut internasional, yang didukung dengan keberadaan Pelabuhan Sape. Sebagai sultan pertama, diangkatlah Sultan Abdul Kahir pada tanggal 5 Juli 1620 M. Kehadiran sultan pertama ini memiliki pengaruh yang besar dan luas sehingga penyebaran agama Islam begitu cepat di seluruh pelosok tanah Bima, kecuali di daerah-daerah tertentu seperti di Donggo yang masih bertahan pada kepercayaan nenek moyang. Selain Donggo, Wawo juga termasuk sebagian daerahnya masih bertahan pada kepercayaan nenek moyang. Akan tetapi pada beberapa generasi berikutnya mereka mulai menerima Islam, karena makin sulitnya arus komunikasi terbatas internal yang mereka lakukan sesamanya serta makin meluasnya arus komunikasi masyarakat yang beragama Islam. Sekarang, bahkan di daerah-daerah yang dulu memegang kuat adat nenek moyang, hampir tidak dapat dibedakan antara Islam dengan budaya setempat. Dalam kehidupan yang demikian Islami tersebut, muncul satu ikrar setia pada Islam dalam bentuk ikrar yang berbunyi “Mori ro made na Dou Mbojo ede kai hukum Islam-ku” yang berarti “Hidup dan matinya orang Bima harus dengan hukum Islam”. Untuk menguatkan ikrar ini, bahkan sejak masa kesultanan telah dibentuk sebuah majelis yang dikenal dengan Hadat Tanah Bima, yang bertugas dan bertanggung jawab selain sebagai sarana penyiaran dan penyebaran Islam juga sebagai penentu segala kebijakan kesultanan yang berdasarkan Islam dan kitabnya. Penyebaran yang demikian pesat ini juga diiringi dengan berkembangnya berbagai pusat pendidikan dan pengajaran Islam, serta masjid-masjid selalu menghiasi di setiap desa dan kampung tanah Bima. Pusat-pusat pengajaran Islam tidak hanya berkembang melalui pesantren, bahkan berkembang dari rumah ke rumah, terbukti dengan menjamurnya tempat pengajian di rumah-rumah yang menggema dan melantunkan ayat-ayat suci Al-Quran di setiap sore dan malam hari. Pada masa kesultanan juga diperlakukan aturan yang bersendikan hukum Islam dengan mendirikan Badan Hukum Syara atau Mahkamah Tussara’iyah, yang mengirim pemuda-pemuda Bima untuk belajar memperdalam kaidah dan pengetahuan Islam ke Mekkah, Mesir, Istamul dan Bagdad serta negara-negara Arab lainnya. Bahkan telah diusahakan tanah wakaf di Mekkah untuk menjamu jamaah calon haji Dou Mbojo yang selalu membanjir setiap tahunnya untuk menunaikan ibadah haji. Demikian dua model variasi masyarakat Bima yang kita lihat dan kenal sekarang. Meski demikian, pada perkembangan-perkembangan terakhir sebagaimana kenyataan yang dihadapi masyarakat Indonesia umumnya dengan semakin cepatnya arus modernisasi, kenyataan tersebut secara perlahan mengalami perubahan. Berbagai perubahan tersebut semakin memberi warna, baik putih maupun hitam, dalam beragam kehidupan dan keseharian masyarakat Bima. Sebagai penutup, yang kita harapkan bersama semoga masyarakat Bima tetap memegang teguh pada nilai-nilai kearifan yang sudah tertanam sejak nenek moyang mereka, dan benar-benar menghayati serta mengamalkan petuah “Maja Labo Dahu, Nggahi Rawi Pahu” dan petuah-petuah lainnya kapan dan di manapun mereka berada. *(dari berbagai sumber).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-77813327214003595422012-02-14T04:55:00.001-08:002012-02-14T04:55:13.234-08:00PROPOSAL PKL<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";}
</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1028"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PROPOSAL PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANG</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MANAJEMEN PEMBERIAN PAKAN SAPI BALI DI KANDANG KOLEKTIF ”PATUH KENE” DESA LINGSAR KEC. LINGSAR KAB. LOMBOK BARAT</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 215px; left: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 228px; z-index: -2;"><img height="215" src="file:///C:/Users/RESPEC%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="228" /></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: 96.3pt;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OLEH :<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">RYAN ARYADIN PUTRA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(BIB 008 026)</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.0in left 367.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PROGRAM STUDI ILMU NUTRISI DAN MAKANAN TERNAK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.0in left 367.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JURUSAN ILMU NUTRISI DAN MAKANAN TERNAK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.0in left 367.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.0in left 367.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">UNIVERSITAS MATARAM</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: center 3.0in left 367.5pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2011</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ternak sapi merupakan ternak yang paling banyak dipelihara oleh para peternak yang ada di NTB, yang mana ternak sapi yang dipelihara banyak jenisnya diantaranya sapi bali, sapi hissar, sapi limosin, sapi FH, sapi Brahman dan banyak lagi jenis-jenis sapi lainnya.</span>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Sapi potong lokal Indonesia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai keragaman genetik yang cukup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">besar yang mampu beradaptasi pada kondisi lingkungan tropis (udara panas</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dengan kelembaban rendah dan tatalaksana pemeliharaan ekstensif), pada</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">kondisi dimana kuantitas dan kualitas pakan yang terbatas, relative tahan</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">serangan penyakit tropis dan parasit, serta performan reproduksinya cukup</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">efisien, sapi potong lokal berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai materi genetic</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dalam pengembangan sapi potong yang unggul (Wiyono dan Aryogi, 2006)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Usaha penggemukan sapi ini didominasi oleh peternakan rakyat dan kurang diminati oleh pemodal karena dianggap secara ekonomis kurang menarik dan memerlukan waktu pemeliharaan cukup panjang. Paradigma pembangunan peternakan pada era globalisasi adalah terwujudnya masyarakat yang sehat dan produktif serta kreatif melalui peternakan tangguh berbasis sumber daya lokal. Guna</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mewujudkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hal ini perlu adanya dorongan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kepada petani agar dapat</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">memperoleh pendapatan yang lebih layak. Salah satu upaya yang bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dilakukan</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">adalah diversifikasi usaha yaitu dengan mengelola sapi jantan atau induk afkiran</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dari hasil pembibitan untuk dipelihara sebagai ternak yang digemukkan.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Usaha penggemukan sapi cukup menguntungkan apabila didukung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">terpenuhinya pakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara kualitas maupun kuantitas dengan harga seefisien</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">mungkin. Ransum untuk penggemukan sapi tidak cukup hanya dipenuhi dari</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">pakan hijauan saja, melainkan perlu dukungan pakan konsentrat yang memadai.</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Kebutuhan pakan konsentrat ini tergantung jenis sapi yang dipelihara, untuk</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">sapi-sapi lokal yang memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan pertambahan bobot</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">badan < 1 kg/hari, memerlukan pakan konsentrat yang lebih kecil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lain halnya</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">untuk sapi-sapi peranakan unggul yang memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">pertambahan bobot badan > 1 kg/hari, maka memerlukan pakan konsentrat</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">yang lebih tinggi (Nuschati et al.,2007).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Pada wilayah marjinal, penyediaan pakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">untuk penggemukan sapi semaksimal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mungkin harus bertumpu pada</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">pemanfaatan bahan pakan lokal agar kelangsungan usaha dapat berkelanjutan.</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">Namun sering kali bahan pakan konsentrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lokal harganya justru mahal,</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak menutup kemungkinan masuknya bahan lain yang kita perlukan</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dari luar lokasi selama harganya murah dan mudah dalam pengadannya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">dapat dijangkau oleh petani/pengguna. Sedangkan pakan hijauan lokal dapat</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">bersumber dari rumput dan daun-daunan atau memanfaatkan limbah pertanian</span> <span style="color: black; letter-spacing: .05pt;">yang diolah/difermentasi.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di antara berbagai bangsa sapi yang ada di Indonesia, sapi Bali merupakan salah satu sapi asli Indonesia yang cukup penting dan terdapat dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. Populasi sapi Bali di Indonesia pernah dicatat dua kali yaitu pada tahun 1984 dan 1988, pencatatan jumlah sapi Bali setelah itu tidak pernah dilakukan lagi, sehingga jumlahnya saat ini tidak diketahui dengan pasti. Pada tahun 1988 jumlah sapi Bali tercatat 2.632.125 ekor yang berarti sekitar 26,9% dari total sapi potong di Indonesia. Dibandingkan sapi asli atau sapi lokal lainnya di Indonesia (sapi Ongole, PO dan Madura), persentase sapi Bali tersebut adalah yang tertinggi (Ditjen Bina Produksi Peternakan, 2002). Penyebaran sapi Bali saat ini hampir meliputi seluruh wilayah Indonesia, kecuali Propinsi DKI Jakarta. Empat propinsi yang memiliki jumlah sapi Bali terbesar di Indonesia adalah Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan, NTB, Bali dan NTT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apalagi dengan adanya program pemerintah NTB yang sekarang ini yaitu BSS (Bumi Sejuta Sapi), memberikan peluang sangat bagus bagi para peternak sapi yang menjadikan sapi sebagai usaha utama mereka. Secara tidak langsung pemerintah NTB membuka lapangan pekerjaan yang sangat menjanjikan bagi para peternak (khususnya) dan pada (umumnya) bagi para usaha-usaha lainnya yang bergelut dalam usaha peternakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan Praktik Kerja Lapang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Kegiatan</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun tujuan dari Praktik Kerja Lapang ini adalah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk dapat mengetahui bagaimana cara pemberian pakan sapi yang benar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agar bisa menerapkan ilmu yang diperoleh dibangku kuliah khususnya tentang manajemen pakan sapi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kegunaan Kegiatan</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun Kegunaan dari Praktik Kerja Lapang ini adalah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat mengetahui secara langsung bagaimana cara pemberian pakan yang baik dan benar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bisa mempraktikkan secara langsung sistem pemeliharaan ternak sapi yang benar sesuai dengan sistem pemeliharaan sapi yang ada di dalam buku.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat bertukar pikiran dengan para peternak yang ada di kelompok ternak stempat tentang kendala-kendala yang sering di hadapi.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">RENCANA KEGIATAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lokasi Kegiatan Praktik Kerja Lapang (PKL)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun Praktik Kerja Lapang dilaksanakan di kandang Kelompok ”Patuh Kene” Dusun Lingsar Barat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu Kegiatan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kegiatan Praktik Kerja Lapang ini berlansung mulai saat diresmikannya syarat-syarat pelaksanaan PKL dan dilaksanakan selama 192 jam (30 hari).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Macam Kegiatan dalam</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <b>Praktik Kerja Lapang (PKL)</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengamati bagaimana sistim pemberian pakan yang dilakukan di kandang kelompok tersebut</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ikut melakukan kegiatan yang berlangsung yang terjadi di tempat Praktik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerja Lapang (PKL).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Peserta Praktik Kerja Lapang (PKL)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam Praktik Kerja Lapang (PKL) ini, pesertanya hanya satu orang saja, dan dilakukan secara magang di kandang kelompok patuh kene Dusun Lingsar Barat</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">JADWAL PKL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 19.6pt; width: 624px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No</span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rencana Kegiatan</span></div></td> <td colspan="12" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 322.85pt;" valign="top" width="430"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bulan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oktober</span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">November</span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Desember</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsultasi dosen pembimbing</span></div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusunan proposal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengiriman surat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pelaksanaan pkl</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusunan Laporan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Evaluasi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KEGIATAN PRAKTEK KERJA LAPANG</span></b></div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Waktu dan Lokasi PKL</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pelaksanaan kegiatan Praktek Kerja Lapang ini dimulai dari tanggal 18 Oktober – 18 November 2011, Lokasinya bertempat di Kandang kolektif Patuh Kene Dusun Lingsar Barat.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Macam Kegiatan PKL</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam Praktek Kerja Lapang yang dilaksanakan di Kandang kolektif Patuh Kene Dusun Lingsar Barat, sesuai dengan judul PKL yaitu “</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">manajemen pemberian pakan sapi bali di kandang kolektif ”patuh kene” desa lingsar kec. Lingsar kab. Lombok barat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">”. Yang dalam sistem pemberian pakan sapi ini, hal-hal yang dilakukan adalah mengamati dan melakukan yang berkaitan dengan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">pemberian pakan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selama kegiatan praktek kerja lapang berlangsung, kegiatan yang dilakukan dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan yaitu tahap persiapan, tahap pelaksanaan dan tahap akhir, yang akan diuraikan sebagai berikut : </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahap Persiapan </span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tahap persiapan dilakukan persiapan-persiapan seperti :</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Melapor kepada ketua Kelompok Ternak</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Survey lokasi</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melakukan konsultasi dengan para peternak setempat</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengambil dokumentasi lokasi</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahap Pelaksanaan</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam tahap ini dilakukan kegiatan yang mencakup dengan sistem peneliharaan sapi sebagai berikut :</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu peternak di dalam memberikan makan dan minum ternak.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu peternak dalam membersihkan kandang</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memisahkan bahan pakan berbahaya sebelum diberikan ke ternak</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melakukan wawancara dengan peternak yang berkaitan dengan kendala yang dihadapi selama berternak</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tahap Akhir</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tahap ini, kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu :</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Meminta tanda tangan ketua Klompok Kandang “Patuh Kene Dusun Lingsar Barat” dan melengkapi tanda tangan fasilitator,</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 56.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pembuatan laporan PKL.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jadwal Kegiatan PKL</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Table 1. Jadwal Kegiatan PKL di Kandang Klompok Patuh Kene Dusun Lingsar Barat. </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 19.6pt; width: 624px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No</span></div></td> <td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rencana Kegiatan</span></div></td> <td colspan="12" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 322.85pt;" valign="top" width="430"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bulan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.25pt;" valign="top" width="147"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Oktober</span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">November</span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Desember</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Konsultasi dosen pembimbing</span></div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusunan proposal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengiriman surat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pelaksanaan pkl</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusunan Laporan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.55pt;" valign="top" width="155"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Evaluasi</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .35in;" valign="top" width="34"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="background: #00B050; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.25pt;" valign="top" width="28"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Kegiatan PKL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Bagi Mahasiswa</span></u></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun manfaat yang bisa diambil Mahasiswa setelah dilaksanakan PKL adalah;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman Sistem pemberian pakan pada Sapi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat mengaplikasikan ilmu yang telah diberikan di bangku kuliah, dengan cara mempraktikkan langsung kepada para peternak yang ada dimasyarakat cara-cara memelihara sapi yang benar dan menguntungkan.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></u></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Bagi Peternak</span></u></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun manfaat yang bisa diambil oleh para peternak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para peternak bisa terbantu dengan adanya PKL dari mahasiswa, karena dapat membantu mereka dalam menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan Sistem Pemberian pakan Sapi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para peternak bisa saling konsultasi dengan mahasiswa yang PKL di Kandang Kelompok Ternak mereka, tentang kendala yang ditemukan selama mereka berternak. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Bagi Fakultas</span></u></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun manfaat yang bisa diambil oleh pihak Fakultas adalah;</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat saling membagi informasi mengenai perkembangan usaha peternakan yang memberikan manfaat bagi para Peternak dan pihak Fakultas </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat terjalin hubungan yang baik antara para peternak di masyarakat dengan pihak akademika, yang berkaitan dengan manajemen pemberian pakan sapi.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lampiran 1. Data Pribadi Mahasiswa PKL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: RYAN ARYADIN PUTRA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">NIM<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: BIB 008 024</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TTL<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Bima, 31 Januari 1989</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agama <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Islam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurusan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak (INMT)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Progran studi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: SI Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak (INMT)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fakultas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Peternakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Universitas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Total SKS<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 138</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IPK<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: 3.39</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Alamat<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Jln. Kapuas V No. 20. Perumnas Ampenan Mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">No. Tlp/ Hp<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 085253368580</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ditjen Bina Produksi Peternakan. 2002. Buku <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Statistik Peternakan Tahun 2002</i>. Direktorat Jenderal Bina Produksi Peternakan. Departemen Pertanian. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 10%;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Nuschati, U., Subiharta, Wiloeto, D., Utomo, B., Pramono, D. Ernawati, Sunarso, Supriyondo, Y., Hardiyati, S., Riyanto & Suharno. 2000. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Laporan hasil pengkajian. Pengkajian sistem usaha tani (SUT) sapi potong di lahan kering Ja</i></span>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-80885111811745180822012-02-14T04:24:00.000-08:002012-02-14T04:24:21.451-08:00ENERGI PAKAN PADA TERNA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><strong><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ENERGI PAKAN PADA TERNAK</span></strong><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 0; text-align: center; widows: 0;"><strong><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">PENDAHULUAN</span></strong><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.9pt; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; widows: 0;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Energi pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak dapat digunakan dalam 3 cara: <strong>(1) menyediakan energi untuk aktivitas; (2) dapat dikonversi menjadi panas; dan (3) dapat disimpan sebagai jaringan tubuh.</strong> Kelebihan energi pakan yang dikonsumsi setelah terpenuhi untuk kebutuhan pertumbuhan normal dan metabolisme biasanya disimpan sebagai lemak. Kelebihan energi tersebut tidak dapat dibuang (diekskresikan) oleh tubuh ternak. Energi disimpan di dalam karbohidrat, lemak dan protein dari bahan makanan. Semua bahan tersebut mengandung karbon (C) dan hidrogen (H) dalam bentuk yang bisa dioksidasi menjadi karbondioksida (CO2) dan air (H2O) yang menunjukan energi potensial untuk ternak. Jumlah panas yang diproduksi ketika pakan dibakar secara sempurna dengan adanya oksigen dapat diukur dengan alat kalorimeter bom dan disebut <strong>Energi Bruto (EB</strong>) dari pakan. Persentase EB yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh ternak dan digunakan untuk mendukung proses metabolik tergantung kemampuan ternak untuk mencerna bahan makanan. Pencernaan mencerminkan proses fisika dan kimia yang terjadi dalam saluran pencernaan dan menyebabkan pecahnya senyawa kimia kompleks dalam pakan menjadi molekul lebih kecil yang dapat diserap dan digunakan oleh ternak. Energi yang diserap tersebut disebut <strong>Energi Dapat Dicerna (EDD)</strong>. Pada ternak non-ruminansia, kehilangan energi lebih lanjut terjadi melalui urin berupa limbah yang mengandung nitrogen dan senyawa lain yang tidak dioksidasi oleh tubuh ternak serta untuk ternak ruminansia selain melalui urin, kehilangan energi juga melalui pembentukan gas methan. EDD dikurangi energi yang hilang melalui urin (non-ruminansia) atau urin+methan (ruminansia) disebut <strong>Energi Metabolis (EM</strong>) pakan. Selama metabolisme zat makanan, terjadi kehilangan energi yang disebut <strong><i>Heat Increament</i></strong>. Sisa energi dari pakan yang tersedia bagi ternak untuk digunakan keperluan hidup pokok (maintenance) dan produksi disebut <strong>Energi Neto (EN)</strong>.<em> </em></span></div><div align="center" class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.9pt; orphans: 0; text-align: center; widows: 0;"><strong><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">ISI</span></strong><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;"></span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 13.9pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 13.9pt; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; widows: 0;"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;">Untuk menghasilkan performan produksi yang tertinggi, ternak memerlukan nutrien. Nutrien ini dibutuhkan untuk hidup pokok (maintenance) dan berbagai produksi (production). Faktor yang harus diperhatikan adalah jumlah makanan yang diberikan, semakin banyak jumlah makanan yang dikonsumsi setiap hari, akan semakin memberikan kesempatan untuk menghasilkan produksi tinggi. Peningkatan produksi yang diperoleh dari konsumsi makanan yang lebih tinggi biasanya berkaitan dengan peningkatan efesiensi proses-proses produksi, sehingga proporsi untuk kebutuhan pokok menurun sedangkan produksi meningkat.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Proses makan (feeding) adalah aktivitas yang komplek, yang meliputi mencari makanan, mengamati, pergerakan, aktifitas sensorik, memakan dan mencerna. Dalam saluran pencernaan makanan dan zat-zat makanan diserap dan dimetabolismekan. Semua proses ini dapat mempengaruhi konsumsi makanan dalam jangka pendek (short term basis). Namun demikian perlu diperhatikan bahwa, pada ternak dewasa kebutuhan pokoknya (berat tubuhnya) relatif konstan, walaupun makanan tersedia <em>ad libitum</em>. Dengan demikian konsep jangka pendek-jangka panjang dalam mengontrol konsumsi harus diperhatikan. Walaupun sistem kontrol ini sama pada setiap jenis ternak, namun ada perbedaan antar spesies yang tergantung pada pada struktur dan fungsi saluran pencernaannya. </span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Aktivitas makan pada hewan mamalia dan unggas dikontrol oleh pusat di hipothalamus yang terletak di bagian cerebrum otak. Pada awalnya teori ini bermula dari dua aktivitas organ pusat. Pertama adalah pusat makan (lateral hipothalamus) yang menyebabkan ternak memulai aktivitas makan sampai dibatasi oleh pusat yang kedua yaitu pusat kenyang (vetro medial hipothalamus) yang menerima signal dari tubuh sebagai hasil dari konsumsi makanan. Dengan demikian ternak akan terus makan sampai mendapat signal untuk berhenti dari pusat kenyang. Namun demikian yang berperan dalam pengaturan makan tidak hanya hipothalamus saja, melainkan ada bagian lain dari CNS yang berperan.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 11.9pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teori Khemostatik </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotalamus mengatur berbagai pengeluaran zat makanan dari makanan dalam saluran pencernaan, penyerapan serta transportasi zat-zat makanan. Berdasarkan teori khemostatik, peningkatan konsentrasi substansi tertentu memberikan signal untuk berhenti makan, sebaliknya jika konsentrasi rendah menyebabkan ternak akan mulai makan. Glukosa merupakan indikator yang menentukan kenyang atau lapar bagi ternak. Jika konsentrasi glukosa darah rendah dan disuntik dengan insulin maka ternak akan merasa lapar. Sebaliknya setelah makan konsentrasi glukosa akan meningkat dan ternak akan berhenti makan. Mekanisme pengaturan gula darah diilustrasikan pada Gambar 2.3 berikut.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Reseptor glukosa diduga terletak di hipothalamus. Hipotalamus dapat memonitor kadar glukosa baik di pembuluh vena maupun arteri. Penelitian yang lain menunjukan bahwa receptor tersebut saluran pencernaan dan hati. Sebagai bukti bahwa jika glukosa disuntikan di usus atau di sistem portal hepatik menyebabkan menurunan intake pakan yang lebih besar dibandingkan jika disuntikan di sirkulasi periperal.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dugaan lain yang mengatur komunikasi saluran pencernaan dan otak adalah hormon peptida cholecystokinin. Hormon ini dikeluarkan jika asam amino dan asam-asam lemak mencapai duodenum, dan ini merupakan kerja hipothalamus.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teori Thermostatik </span></b></em><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori ini berlandasan bahwa ternak akan makan untuk mempertahankan panas dan akan berhenti makan untuk mencegah hyperthermia. Panas yang diproduksi dari hasil pencernaan dan metabolisme makanan adalah merupakan signal dalam pengaturan makan. Thermoreceptor sensitif terhadap perubahan panas yang terjadi di anterior hipothalamus dan juga di periperal kulit. Sebagai bukti, pada daerah panas ternak akan mengurangi makannya untuk menurunkan produksi panasnya.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #006600; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sensor Indera</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penginderaan penglihatan, penciuman, perabaan dan perasa memiliki peran yang penting dalam menstimulasi selera makan manusia, dan mempengaruhi jumlah makanan yang dicerna. Pada hewan penginderaan memiliki peran yang lebih kecil dari pada manusia.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Palatabilitas adalah derajat kesukaan pada makanan tertentu yang terpilih dan dimakan. Pengertian palatabilitas berbeda dengan konsumsi. Palatabilitas melibatkan indera penciuman, perabaan dan perasa. Pada ternak peliharaan memperlihatkan prilaku mengendus (sniffing) makanan.</span></div><div class="western" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kebanyakan hewan memiliki preferensi menyukai makanan tertentu, terutama jika memiliki kesematan memilih. Contohnya, anak babi muda lebih menyukai larutan gula dibandingkan air, sementara unggas tidak bisa membedakan rasa manis, tapi tidak dapat mencerna larutan garam dengan konsentrasi berlebih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; orphans: 0; text-align: justify; widows: 0;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-22399095109047541392012-02-10T23:55:00.000-08:002012-02-10T23:55:49.020-08:00Paper AMDAL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISA MENGENAI DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAMPAK BANJIR TERHADAP KEBERLANJUTAN PERTANIAN DAN PETERNAKAN SERTA CARA PENANGGULANGANNYA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Presented By Ryan Aryadin Putra</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">B1B.008.026</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia berlokasi di wilayah rawan terhadap berbagai kejadian bahaya alam, yaitu bencana geologi (gempa, gunung api, longsor, tsunami dan sebagainya) dan hidro-meteorologi (banjir, kekeringan, pasang surut, gelombang besar, dan sebagainya). BAKORNAS Penanganan Bencana (PB) mencatat antara tahun 2003-2005 telah terjadi 1.429 kejadian bencana di Indonesia. Sebagian dari kejadian bencana tersebut (53,3%) merupakan bencana hidrometeorologi. Dari total bencana hidrometeorologi, yang paling sering terjadi adalah banjir (34,1 persen dari total kejadian bencana di Indonesia) diikuti oleh tanah longsor (16 persen). Kondisi morfologi Indonesia yaitu relief bentang alam yang sangat bervariasi dan banyaknya sungai yang mengalir diantaranya, menyebabkan selalu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>terjadi banjir di Indonesia pada setiap musim penghujan. Banjir umumnya terjadi di wilayah Indonesia bagian Barat yang menerima curah hujan lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan wilayah Indonesia bagian Timur (Rahayu et al 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor kondisi alam tersebut diperparah oleh meningkatnya jumlah penduduk yang menjadi faktor pemicu terjadinya Banjir secara tidak langsung. Tingkah laku manusia yang tidak menjaga kelestarian hutan dengan melakukan penebangan hutan yang tidak terkontrol juga dapat menyebabkan peningkatan aliran air permukaan yang tinggi dan tidak terkendali sehingga terjadi kerusakan lingkungan di daerah satuan wilayah sungai. Bencana banjir di Indonesia yang terjadi setiap tahun terbukti menimbulkan dampak pada kehidupan manusia dan lingkungannya terutama dalam hal korban jiwa dan kerugian materi (BAKORNAS PB, 23 Juni 2006 DALAM RAN PRB disitasi oleh Rahayu et al, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akhir-akhir ini banjir melanda wilayah Indonesia Timur yang meliputi daerah Nusa Tenggara Barat di daerah Sumbawa, Dompu, dan Bima. Banjir ini tidak hanya menimbulakan kerugian materi, tetapi kerugian di bidang pertanian dan peternakan terutama ketersedian bahan baku yang menjadi pakan utama ternak ruminansia, unggas, dan ternak non ruminansia. Di dunia peternakan sendiri menyebabkan ternak terbawa dan hanyut bersama banjir, terbatas dan rusaknya lahan pengembalaan ternak. Dengan kejadian tersebut sector pertanian dan peternakan menjadai kacau dan tidak terkendali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan penyajian paper ini adalah untuk mengetahui beberapa hal penyebab terjadinya banjir, dampaknya terhadap keberlanjutan pertanian dan peternakan, upaya-upaya dan cara penanggulangan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 80.25pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASALAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rendahnya sistem irigasi dan bendungan yang kurang layak, pengawasan terhadap pembuangan dan pengolahan sampah rumah tangga atau hasil buangan perusahaan, kurangnya perhatian terhadap keadaan dan kondisi sungai yang menjadikan sebagai tempat pembuangan sampah oleh oknum yang tidak bertanggung jawab, sehingga menyebabkan berbagai masalah mulai dari banjir, kesenjangan sosial dan tidak menutup kemungkinan terjadinya tanah longsor. Beberapa hal tersebut merupakan masalah yang sangat serius yang harus dicari jalan keluarnya (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Problem Solving</i>), sehingga tidak terjadi secara kontinyu dan rutin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS TERJADINYA BANJIR</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banjir sering disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu diantaranya : 1) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hujan </span>yang terjadi <span style="color: black;">dalam jangka waktu yang panjang atau besarnya curah hujan selama berhari-hari</span>, 2) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Erosi tanah </span>yang <span style="color: black;">menyisakan batuan dan menyebabkan air hujan mengalir deras di atas permukaan tanah tanpa terjadi resapan air dalam tanah, 3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Buruknya penanganan sampah </span>yang menyumbat saluran-saluran air sehingga tubuh air meluap dan membanjiri daerah sekitarnya, 4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembangunan tempat permukiman</span></span> <span style="color: black;">dimana tanah kosong diubah menjadi jalan atau tempat parkir yang menyebabkan hilangnya daya serap air hujan, pembangunan tempat permukiman bisa menyebabkan meningkatnya risiko banjir sampai 6 kali lipat dibandingkan tanah terbuka yang biasanya mempunyai daya serap air tinggi. Masalah ini sering terjadi di kota-kota besar yang pembangunannya tidak terencana dengan baik. Peraturan pembuatan sumur resapan di daerah perkotaan kurang diawasi pelaksanaannya, 5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bendungan dan saluran air yang rusak </span>walaupun tidak sering terjadi, namun bisa menyebabkan banjir terutama pada saat hujan deras yang panjang</span>, 6) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keadaan tanah dan tanaman yaitu</span> <span style="color: black;">tanah yang ditumbuhi banyak tanaman mempunyai daya serap air yang besar. Tanah yang tertutup semen, paving atau aspal sama sekali tidak menyerap air, 7) Pembabatan hutan juga dapat merupakan penyebab banjir dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">di daerah bebatuan memiliki </span>daya serap air sangat kurang sehingga bisa menyebabkan banjir kiriman atau banjir bandang (Rahayu et al, 2009).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 1;"><span style="height: 233px; left: -9px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3px; width: 374px;"> </span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="233" style="background: white; vertical-align: top;" width="374"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: TrebuchetMS;">Siklus hidrologi menggambarkan mekanisme pendistribusian massa air yang bergerak melalui berbagai media dan dalam berbagai bentuk karena adanya pengaruh radiasi matahari dan gravitasi bumi. Banjir terjadi pada saat pergerakan massa air dalam bentuk aliran permukaan terhambat oleh rendahnya kapasitas pembuangan sehingga terjadi genangan diwilayah tersebut (Rahayu et al, 2009).</span><b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Bold;">I –</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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" 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" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus hidrologi menggambarkan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="19" width="367"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td height="41" style="vertical-align: top;" width="217"><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 3;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td> <div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: Rahayu et al, 2009</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara faktual faktor determinan penyebab banjir adalah kondisi iklim ekstrim, terganggunya keseimbangan hidrologis, dan penggunaan lahan yang tidak sesuai peruntukannya. Besaran banjir dan kekeringan sangat ditentukan jumlah, intensitas faktor penyebab serta durasi terjadinya. Penyimpangan iklim akibat ENSO, IOD dan MJO menyebabkan produksi uap air dan awan di sebagian Indonesia bervariasi dari ekstrimitas tinggi ke rendah atau sebaliknya, sehingga menyebabkan penyimpangan iklim terhadap kondisi normalnya. Interaksi ketiga faktor tersebut sangat menentukan besaran faktor klimatologis yang terjadi </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil analisis iklim 30 tahun terakhir menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kecenderungan terbentuknya pola iklim baru yang mengarah terjadinya perubahan iklim. Tahun 2007 perubahan itu antara lain dicirikan terjadinya dua periode musim kemarau dan musim hujan dalam satu tahun, sehingga pola curah hujan berubah dari mono modal menjadi bimodal. Dampak negatif terhadap sektor pertanian yang paling signifikan adalah bergesernya awal musim hujan dengan banjirnya dan kemarau dengan kekeringannya. Implikasi langsungnya adalah kacaunya pola tanam, perubahan durasi musim dan intensitasnya. Perubahan iklim ini diperburuk dengan terjadinya degradasi Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), sehingga mengganggu neraca air hidrologis. Implikasinya, terjadinya kelebihan air pada musim hujan dan atau kekurangan air pada musim kemarau, sehingga menyebabkan banjir dan atau kekeringan dilahan pertanian, kerusakan pertanaman padi, menurunnya produksi bahkan dibeberapa wilayah mengalami puso dan ketersediaan bahan baku pakan untuk ternak menurun (Anonim, 2010). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah Rawan Banjir </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daerah rawan banjir memiliki ciri ciri khas sebagai berikut : 1) Daerah dengan topografi berupa cekungan dan/atau dataran landai, dimana elevasi tanah mendekati atau dibawah muka air laut, 2) Daerah dataran banjir alami seperti rawa dan bantaran sungai, 3) Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) yang melampaui batas kritis, dengan ciri-ciri : tanah tandus, rasio debit maksimum terhadap debit minimum sangat besar (sungai sangat kering di saat kemarau dan sangat penuh disaat hujan), 4) Daerah dengan curah/intensitas hujan sangat tinggi, 5) Daerah dengan sistem saluran pembuangan air penuh dengan sampah, 6) Daerah pantai yang rawan terhadap badai tropis, 7) Daerah pantai yang rawan tsunami yang bisa diakibatkan oleh gempa tektonik dasar laut maupun gempa akibat gunung api aktif yang terletak didasar laut seperti Krakatau, 8) Daerah hilir dam terutama yang telah beroperasi cukup lama (Rahayu et al, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAHAYA BANJIR </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak banjir di dunia pertanian dan keberlanjutannya</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dunia pertanian mampu menyiapkan berbagai kebutuhan manusia dan hewan pada umumnya. Kebutuhan tersebut terpenuhi seiring dengan kondisi dan daya dukung lahan serta lingkungan yang bagus. Apabila lingkungan yang kurang mendukung, maka keberlanjutan pertanian menjadi ancaman yang terbesar. Berbagai ancaman yang melanda adalah hilangnya atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkurangnya bibit, terbatasnya bahan baku pakan ternak baik ternak ruminansia, non ruminansia, dan ternak unggas. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurangnya bahan baku pakan bagi ternak juga menjadi hal yang besar pengaruhnya terhadap keberlanjutan pertanian, dimana kotoran yang dihasilkan dari sisa metabolisme ternak akan dijadikan sebagai pupuk yang mampu meningkatkan daya produksi tana, lahan, dan tanaman. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak banjir di dunia peternakan dan keberlanjutannya</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dunia peternakan mampu menyiapakan dan melengkapi berbagai kebutuhan manusia melalui sumbangan nilai gizi. Beberapa bahaya dan dampak banjir terhadap keberlanjutan dunia peternakan adalah hilang dan berkurangnya lahan pengembalaan ternak terutama ternak ruminansia dan non ruminansia, banyak ternak yang terbawa oleh derasnya arus banjir, banyak ternak unggas yang mati dan bahkan hilang terbawa banjir, dan masih banyak dampak lainnya. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tindakan Kesiapsiagaan Persiapan dalam pencegahan kemungkinan Banjir:</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk menghindari resiko banjir, sebaiknya membuat bangunan di daerah yang aman seperti di dataran yang tinggi dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan pencegahan. Untuk daerah-daerah yang berisiko banjir, sebaiknya: 1) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengerti akan ancaman banjir<b> </b></span>termasuk banjir yang pernah terjadi dan mengetahui letak daerah apakah cukup tinggi untuk terhindar dari banjir, 2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melakukan persiapan untuk mengungsi<b> </b></span>dan<b> </b>melakukan latihan pengungsian. 3) Mengetahui jalur<b> </b>evakuasi, jalan yang tergenang air dan yang masih<b> </b>bisa dilewati. Setiap orang harus mengetahui tempat<b> </b>evakuasi, kemana harus pergi apabila terjadi banjir, 4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengembangkan program penyuluhan<b> </b></span>untuk<b> </b>meningkatkan kesadaran akan ancaman banjir dan meningkatkan<b> </b>kesadaran masyarakat untuk memperhitungkan ancaman banjir dalam<b> </b>perkembangan masa depan, 5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memasang tanda ancaman pada jembatan yang rendah<b> </b></span>agar tidak<b> </b>dilalui orang pada saat banjir. Adakan perbaikan apabila diperlukan, 6) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengatur aliran air ke luar daerah<b> </b></span>pada daerah pemukiman yang<b> </b>berrisiko banjir, 7) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menjaga agar sistem pembuangan limbah dan air kotor<b> </b></span>tetap<b> </b>bekerja pada saat terjadi banjir, 8) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Memasang tanda ketinggian air<b> </b></span>pada saluran air, kanal, kali atau<b> </b>sungai yang dapat dijadikan petunjuk pada ketinggian berapa akan<b> </b>terjadi banjir atau petunjuk kedalaman genangan air (Anonim, 2007). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan perbaikan system drainase dan system perbaikan bendungan, tidak melakukan pembuangan sampah di DAS, melakukan perbaikan dan reboisasi hutan yang telah dibabat habis, dan melakukan mitigasi terhadap banjir.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mitigasi banjir adalah semua tindakan/upaya untuk mengurangi dampak dari suatu bencana banjir. Upaya mitigasi ini biasanya ditujukan untuk jangka waktu yang panjang. Secara umum jenis jenis mitigasi dapat dikelompokkan kedalam mitigasi struktural dan mitigasi non structural (Rahayu et al, 2009).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Mitigasi Struktural</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang dimaksud dengan mitigasi struktural adalah upaya-upaya pengurangan risiko bencana yang lebih bersifat fisik. Upaya-upaya mitigasi struktural banjir yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah antara lain adalah : Perbaikan dan peningkatan sistem drainase, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Normalisasi fungsi sungai yang dapat berupa : pengerukan, sudetan, Relokasi pemukiman di bantaran sungai, Pengembangan bangunan pengontrol tinggi muka air/hidrograf banjir berupa : tanggul, pintu, pompa, waduk dan sistem polder, Perbaikan kondisi Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sementara mitigasi struktural yang dapat dilakukan oleh masyarakat di kawasan rawan banjir antara lain : Membantu upaya peningkatan kapasitas resapan air di wilayahnya baik dengan menanam lebih banyak pohon maupun membuat sumur resapan, Membantu penyusunan peta zonasi/risiko banjir, Membangun rumah sesuai dengan peraturan tata guna lahan, Membuat rumah lebih tinggi dari muka air banjir, Melengkapi sistem sanitasi rumah dengan klep/penutup banjir, Mitigasi non fisik dapat pula dilakukan melalui kegiatan pendidikan lingkungan yaitu : Mewujudkan budaya masyarakat dan pemangku kepentingan dalam memahami fenomena banjir dan menjaga kapasitas/kelestarian daya serap Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), Mewujudkan budaya masyarakat untuk berperan serta dalam menjaga fungsi sistem pembuangan air (drainase) dan pengendalian banjir, Mewujudkan budaya masyarakat yang tidak membuang sampah/sedimen/limbah ke sungai, saluran dan bangunan air lainnya, Melakukan gerakan penghijauan/penanaman kembali tumbuh tumbuhan di lahan kosong dan memeliharanya dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Mitigasi Non - Struktural</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebalikan dari mitigasi struktural, mitigasi non struktural adalah segala upaya pengurangan risiko bencana yang dilakukan yang bersifat non fisik, organisasional dan sosial kemasyarakatan. Upaya-upaya mitigasi non struktural banjir yang dilakukan pemerintah antara lain : Membuat master plan pembangunan yang berbasis pengurangan risiko bencana, Membuat PERDA mengenai penanganan risiko bencana banjir yang berkelanjutan, Mengembangkan peta zonasi banjir, Mengembangkan sistem asuransi banjir, Membangun/memberdayakan Sistem Peringatan Dini Banjir, Meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai bencana banjir melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan, Mengembangkan building code bagi daerah banjir </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa penyebab terjadinya banjir antara lain: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hujan </span><span style="color: black;">yang terlalu lama dan panjang, </span>2) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Erosi tanah </span><span style="color: black;">,3) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Buruknya penanganan sampah </span>yang menyumbat saluran-saluran, 4) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembangunan tempat permukiman</span></span> yang padat,<span style="color: black;"> 5) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bendungan dan saluran air yang rusak,</span></span> 6) <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keadaan tanah dan tanaman yang tidak mendukung, </span><span style="color: black;">7) Pembabatan hutan. </span><span style="color: #231f20;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak banjir terhadap </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dampak banjir di dunia pertanian yaitu hilangnya dan berkurangnya bibit, terbatasnya bahan baku pakan ternak baik ternak ruminansia, non ruminansia, dan ternak unggas. Hal ini tentu akan mengancam keberlanjutan pertanian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dampak banjir di dunia peternakan yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hilang dan berkurangnya lahan pengembalaan ternak terutama ternak ruminansia dan non ruminansia, banyak ternak yang terbawa oleh derasnya arus banjir, banyak ternak unggas yang mati dan bahkan hilang terbawa banjir. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beberapa upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah dan mengatasi banjir yaitu dengan mitigasi baik mitigasi struktural atau mitigasi non struktural dan memperbaiki system drainase dengan perbaikan bendungan, tidak melakukan pembuangan sampah di DAS, dll.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="height: 43px; left: -46px; position: absolute; top: -61px; width: 533px;"><img height="43" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="533" /></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banjir</i>. <a href="http://www.idepfoundation.org/pbbm"><span style="color: windowtext;">www.idepfoundation.org/pbbm</span></a>. Yayasan IDEP. Bali Indonesia. Akses 13 Mei 2011.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rahayu, Harkunti.P, In In Wahdiny, Anin Utami, Mardhiatul Asparini, 2009. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Banjir dan Upaya Penanggulangannya</i>. Program for Hydro Meteorogical Risk Mitigation Secondary Cities in Asia.<b> </b>Pusat Mitigasi Bencana (PMB-ITB). Bandung Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #003300;">Pengelolaan Banjir dan Kekeringan</span></i><span style="color: #003300;">. </span><a href="http://pla.deptan.go.id/rbk/main.html"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://pla.deptan.go.id/rbk/main.html</span></a><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Akses 11 Mei 2011. </span></em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="height: 615px; left: -55px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; top: 548px; width: 612px; z-index: 5;"><img height="67" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="612" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-11536505166677413032012-02-10T23:45:00.001-08:002012-02-10T23:45:00.368-08:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM NUTRISI RUMINANSIA<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">LAPORAN NUTRISI RUMINANSIA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Presented by Ryan Aryadin Putra</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B1B.008.026</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Latar belakang.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN">Peranan sumberdaya ternak telah terbukti nyata sejak kehidupan manusia primitif sampai ke tingkat kehidupan modern. Ruang lingkup dan tingkat peranannya bervariasi menurut tingkat kehidupan dan sistem usahatani di tiap daerah. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fungsi biologi ternak dalam daur ulang energi dan material dari “biospektrum” menempatkan ternak dalam kedudukan yang patut mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih seksama dalam pengelolaan sumber daya. Ternak ruminansia yang dikenal sebagai ternak memamah biak, terdiri dari ternak sapi dan kerbau ( ruminansia besar) serta kambing dan domba (ruminansia kecil). Selain daging dan hasil ikutannya, maka pupuk dan tenaga kerja untuk mengolah tanah merupakan bahan-bahan dan jasa yang diberikan untuk kesejahteraan manusia.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="IN">ternak ruminansia telah mengalami perkembangan pencernaan yang sangat tinggi yang memungkinkan mereka mengakses energi dalam bentuk pakan berserat dari pada kebanyakan hewan-hewan yang lainnya. Pencernaan ternak ruminansia dicirikan oleh retensi pregastrik dan fermentasi dengan simbiosis mikroorganisme. Ternak-ternak ruminansia mampu menggunakan biomas-biomas yang berserat dan senyawa-senyawa nitrogen sederhana dikarenakan memiliki saluran pencernaan bagian depan yang terdiri dari satu kesatuan kompartemen yang besar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Acara I. </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengamatan Organ Saluran Pencernaan Kambing.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Tujuan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">supaya mahasiswa mampu memahami sistem pencernaan ternak ruminansia.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">untuk memudahkan mahasiswa dalam meningkatkan efisiensi pemberian pakan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Kegunaan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun kegunaan dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">dengan diadakannya praktikum ini maka mahasiswa mampu memahami sistem pencernaan ternak ruminansia.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">mahasiswa mampu dengan mudah meningkatkan efisiensi pemberian pakan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Acara II. Penetuan kandungan NH<sub>3</sub> dan VFA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cairan Rumen</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Tujuan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">untuk membuktikan kepada mahasiswa tentang nasip protein pakan yang mengalami degradasi menjadi amonia oleh mikroba rumen.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">untuk memperlihatkan kepada mahasiswa tentang produk intermediet berupa asam lemak volatile (VFA) yang dihasilkan pada aktivitas fermentasi mikrobia rumen.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Kegunaan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun kegunaan dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">mahasiswa dapat membuktikan tentang nasip protein pakan yang mengalami degradasi menjadi amonia oleh mikroba rumen.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">mahasiswa dapat melihat dengan langsung produk intermediet berupa asam lemak volatile (VFA) yang dihasilkan pada aktivitas fermentasi mikrobia rumen.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Acara I. Pengamatan Organ Saluran Pencernaan Kambing.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN">Ruminansia adalah suatu forugut fermenter. Yaitu bagian kardiak lambungnya telah berkembang membentuk ruang-ruang terpisah yang pHnya mendekati netral dan makanan yang dicerna digerakkan oleh aliran dari mulut ke anus. Bagian-bagian ini merupakan habitat ideal bagi berbagai macam mikroba (Frandson,1992).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN">Saluran pencernaan ruminansia terdiri dari rongga mulut (<em>oral</em>), kerongkongan (<em>oesophagus</em>), <em>proventrikulus</em> (<em>pars glandularis</em>), yang terdiri dari <em>rumen, retikulum, dan omasum; ventrikulus </em>(<em>pars muscularis</em>) yakni <em>abomasum</em>, usus halus <em>(intestinum tenue</em>), usus besar (<em>intestinum crassum</em>), sekum (<em>coecum</em>), kolon, dan anus. Lambung sapi sangat besar, yakni ¾ dari isi rongga perut. Lambung mempunyai peranan penting untuk menyimpan makanan sementara yang akan dikunyah kembali (kedua kali). Selain itu, pada lambung juga terjadi pembusukan dan peragian (Arora, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Langkah-langkah dalam sistem digesti meliputi, mekanis, biologis dan enzimatis. </span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Sistem mekanis dilakukan dengan <em>prehension, reinsalivasi</em>, dan <em>remastikasi</em> serta <em>redeglutisi.</em> Didalam <em>rumen</em> terdapat <em>mikroflora rumen</em> yang berfungsi untuk mencerna selulose dan hemisellulose menjadi VFA, CO<sub>2,</sub> CH<sub>4</sub> dan energi panas. Fungsi lain dari organisme <em>rumen</em> adalah sebagai sumber energi, sumber asam amino, dan sintesis vitamin B. Sistem digesti juga dibantu oleh <em>glandula saliva</em>, <em>pancreas</em> dan hati merupakan kelenjar tambahan (Tillman,. <em>At al</em>, 1984).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Lambung ruminansia terdiri atas empat bagian, yaitu rumen, retikulum, omasum dan abomasum. Masing-masing bagian memiliki peran dan fungsi yang khusus (Kartadisastra, 1997). Rumen ruminansia terdapat mikroba (bakteri dan protozoa) yang memiliki kemampuan untuk merombak zat pakan secara fermentatif sehingga menjadi senyawa yang berbeda dengan bahan asal. Hasil fermentasi inilah yang menjadi sumber energi utama (Sutardi, 1980). Lebih lanjut dijelaskan bahwa proses fermentasi berlangsung sebelum usus halus, sehingga dapat disajikan ke usus halus dalam bentuk yang mudah diserap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Acara II. Penetuan kandungan NH3 Dan VFA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cairan Rumen</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Mikroba rumen membantu ternak ruminansia dalam mencerna pakan yang mengandung serat tinggi menjadi asam lemak terbang <strong>(Volatile Fatty Acids = VFA’s)</strong> yaitu asam asetat, asam propionat, asam butirat, asam valerat serta asam isobutirat dan asam isovalerat. VFA’s diserap melalui dinding rumen dan dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi oleh ternak. Sedangkan produk metabolis yang tidak dimanfaatkan oleh ternak yang pada umumnya berupa gas akan dikeluarkan dari rumen melalui proses eruktasi (Barry, Thomson dan Amstrong 1977). Namun yang lebih penting ialah mikroba rumen itu sendiri, karena biomas mikroba yang meninggalkan rumen merupakan pasokan protein bagi ternak ruminansia. Sauvant, Dijkstra dan Mertens (1995) menyebutkan bahwa 2/3 – 3/4 bagian dari protein yang diabsorbsi oleh ternak ruminansia berasal dari protein mikroba.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Produk akhir fermentasi protein akan digunakan untuk pertumbuhan mikroba itu sendiri dan digunakan untuk mensintesis protein sel mikroba rumen sebagai pasok utama protein bagi ternak ruminansia. Menurut Arora (1989) sekitar 47 sampai 71 persen dari nitrogen yang ada di dalam rumen berada dalam bentuk protein mikroba.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kualitas pakan yang rendah seperti yang umum terjadi di daerah tropis menyebabkan kebutuhan protein untuk ternak ruminansia sebagian besar dipasok oleh protein mikroba rumen. Soetanto (1994) menyebutkan hampir sekitar 70 % kebutuhan protein dapat dicukupi oleh mikroba rumen. Namun Orskov, Hughes-Jones dan McDonald (1981) menyatakan bahwa untuk memperoleh hasil produksi yang tinggi, khususnya pada fase fisiologi tertentu, misalnya pada masa pertumbuhan awal, bunting dan awal laktasi, pasok protein mikroba belum mencukupi kebutuhan ternak, sehingga ternak memerlukan tambahan pasok protein dari pakan yang lolos fermentasi di dalam rumen.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kejadian yang terpenting dari proses degradasi protein di dalam rumen ialah ketersediaan nitrogen bagi pertumbuhan mikroba yang berperan dalam penyediaan protein di dalam usus halus. Poncet dkk<strong>.</strong> (1995) menyebutkan bahwa protein mikroba rata-rata memberikan kontribusi sebesar 59 persen dari asam amino yang masuk ke usus halus. Asam amino pakan yang lolos degradasi akan melengkapi kebutuhan asam amino bagi ternak untuk berproduksi secara optimum. Dengan demikian pasok asam amino bagi ternak ruminansia tergantung pada protein pakan yang lolos degradasi di dalam rumen dan protein mikroba yang terbentuk sebagai hasil fermentasi di dalam rumen (Wallace 1994).</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Degradasi protein di dalam rumen menghasilkan peptida dan asam amino, dimana sebagian asam amino tersebut akan didegradasi lebih lanjut menjadi asam lemak terbang, amonia dan karbondioksida. Amonia yang terbentuk merupakan sumber nitrogen utama bagi pertumbuhan mikroba. Sebagian amonia diabsorbsi lewat dinding rumen dan dibawa ke hati yang akan diubah menjadi urea. Urea yang terbentuk sebagian masuk kembali ke dalam rumen baik melalui saliva maupun yang langsung menembus dinding rumen dan sebagian dikeluarkan melalui urin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Satter dan Roffler1981).</span></div><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">MATERI DAN METODE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Acara I. Pengamatan Organ Saluran Pencernaan Kambing.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun meteri praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat-alat praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">gunting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">pinset</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">plastik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">camera photo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">botol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">bahan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bahan praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah organ saluran penceranaan kambing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hamparkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lembaran plastik di atas meja praktik, kemudian letakan organ pencernaan ternak kambing di atas plastik tersebut. Amati bentuk luarnya dan menggambarnya (di foto).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">buka bagian lambung organ pencernaan kambing tersebut dengan menggunakan gunting.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">ambil 15 ml cairan rumen kemudian masukan kedalam botol (untuk analisa nh3).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">amati digesta yang ada di dalam rumen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">gambar struktur bagian dalam masing-masing kompartemen lambujng (rumen, reticulum, omasum dan abomasum).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Acara II. Penetuan kandungan NH3 Dan VFA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cairan Rumen</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”Penentuan kandungan NH3”.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun meteri praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat-alat praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">pipet ukur.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4. distilator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beaker glass.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. alat pentitrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>condensator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adapun bahan praktikum yang digunakan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">cairan rumen/ sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">larutan asam borat 2 %.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">universal indicator defoaming agent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">larutan H2SO4 0.05 N</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Letakan beaker yang berisi 5 ml larutan asam borat 2 %. Pada bagian bawah condenser.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">segera tempatkan sampel yang akan didistilasi setelah dibuat basa(dengan larutan Na-tetraborat) untuk mencegah kehilangan NH3. sampel juga harus mengandung beberapa tetes universal indicator defoaming agent (anti busa) jika diperlukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">uapkan sampai diperoleh distilasi sebanyak 30-40 ml (kira-kira 3-4 menit)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">pindahkan gelas beaker untuk dititrasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">titrasi dengan larutan H2SO4 0,05 N.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">titrasi dihentikan bila telah berubah warna menjadi merah muda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">lakukan perhitungan dengan menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>ml titrasi x 14, 01 (BM N/ kg) x 0,05 N (kkonsentasi H2SO4 yang dipakai x 1000</u></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ml sampel</span></div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”Penetuan Kandungan VFA”</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun meteri praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat-alat praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pipet ukur 5 ml.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>4. Buret.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mikro pipet max 1 ml.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Distilator set.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Beaker Glass 100 ml.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. Centrifugal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">bahan praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>adapun bahan praktikum yang digunakan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">cairan rumen/ sample<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Larutan H2SO4 0,5 N.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">larutan NaOH 0,5 N.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Larutan H2SO4 15 %.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">pipet sampel 5 ml, maasukan kedalam erlemeyer 250 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">tambahkan 1 ml H2SO4 15 %. Set pada alat distilator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sipkan labu penampung yang berisi 5 ml larutan NaOH 0,5 N, letakkan pada bagian bawah distilator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hidupkan alat distilasi, distilasi dihentikan apabila pada labu penampung telah mencapai 100 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hasil distilasi tersebutditetesi dengan indicator PP 1% sebanyak 2-3 tetes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">titrasi dengan H2SO4 0,5 N hingga warna merah menjadi hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">lakukan perhitungan dengan menggunakan rumus sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>ml titrasi x 14, 01 (BM N/ kg) x 0,5 N (konsentasi H2SO4 yang dipakai) x 1000</u></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">ml sampel</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tempat dan Tanggal Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tempat Praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Praktikum ini dilaksanakan di Lab. Nutrisi dan makanan ternak. Fakultas peternakan. Universitas mataram.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tanggal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Praktikum</span></u></b><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">praktikum ini<b> </b>dilaksanakan pada<b> </b>tanggal 26 Mei 2010</span></div><b><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Acara I. Pengamatan Organ Saluran Pencernaan Kambing.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Hasil praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Adapun hasil dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 1. Rumen</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari luar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang dari dalam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 125.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 125.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 125.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumen adalah kompartemen lambung (dindingnya seperti handuk) yang terbesar,menempati 71 % total volume lambung, dan pisahkan dari reticulum oleh lipatan-lipatan ruminoreticular. Secara tidak lengkap terbagi lagi menjadi ruangan atau kantong-kantong pilar. </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Mikroorganisme ditemukan didalam rumen dan di rumen proses fermentasi berlangsung. Rumen terletak di Sebelah kiri rongga perut, memanjang dari tuluang rusuk ke 7 dan 8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sd tulang punggang. Menempati ¾ bagian rongga perut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumen dilapisi oleh sel-sel ephitel keratin yang berlapis dan dapat mengelupas. Ephitelium ini tidak berkelenjar, dengan demikian tidak memproduksi mucus, tetapi ini akan mengangkut VFA( 85 % VFA diserap di dalam rumen) terutama hasil akhir fermentasi rumen, dan rumen dipenuhi oleh papila seperti jari yang memperluas bagian permukaan untuk penyerapan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pakan yang dimakan oleh ternak akan segera di fermentasi sesampainya di rumen. Pakan yang sudah terfermentasi akan berwana ijo lumut. Hal ini menandakan bahwa proses fermentasi oleh mikroba telah berlangsung dan hasil akhir dari proses fermentasi tersebut siap untuk diserap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 2. Reticulum</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari luar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang dari dalam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 134.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 134.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 134.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Retikulum terletak berdekatan dengan diaframa, bersama- sama rumen, retikulum membentuk daerah fermentasi, yang dikenal dengan retikulorumen. Retikulum juga daerah penerima dan pengirim ; retikulum menerima makanan dari kerongkongan dan ingesta dari rumen, dan mengirim ingesta juga ke rumen, ke omasum dan ke kerongkongan selama proses ruminasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Retikulum<b> </b>(<i>jalan antara rumen dan omasum</i>)Bagian dalam retikulum terdiri dari papilla-papilla yg terbentuk spt rumah tawon yg dikenal <b><i>Honey comb</i></b>. Di retikulum juga terjadi proses absorpsi hasil akhir fermentasi yaitu VFa, Amonia air dan Tempat berkumpulnya benda-benda asing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 3. Omasum</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari luar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang dari dalam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 119.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 119.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 119.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Omasum merupakan bagian lambung yang ke tiga. Omasum (bentuk berbuku buku)Terletak disebelah rusuk ke 7 – 11, bentuk elips dan dihubungkan oleh retikulum oleh saluran sempit (<i>orificium reticulo omasal</i>)<b>.</b>Omasum dibungkus dengan lamella atau lembaran-lembaran yang terletak pada lekukan yang lebih besar dari organ tetapi lekukan yang lebih kecil, membentuk teruan omasal untuk dilalui cairan dan ingesta larut dari reticulum ke abomasum. Ingesta padat selalu ditemukan diantara lamella, tetapi fungsi utama dari lamella tidak jelas, sementara difahami untuk meningkatkan permukaan daerah penyerapan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bahan-bahan yang diserap dari omasum mengandung air,VFA dan bikarbonat. Yang terakhir harus dipindahkan sebelum kondisi asam abomasum, sedangkakn jika tidak jumlah karbon dioksida (Co2) akan meningkat dalam obomasum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 4. Abomasum</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari luar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penampang dari dalam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 115.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 115.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.0in;" valign="top" width="288"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>abomasum terletak didasar rongga perut. Disejajarkan dengan perut sejati karena disinilah disekresikan cairan lambung oleh sel-sel abomasum. Dengan demikian merupakan daerah pertama tempat berlangsungnya pencernaan protein oleh ternak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di dalam organ ini, mikroorganisme rumen dan residu-residu yang terfermentasi dari pakan adalah subjek pencernaan enzim dan prodaknya diabsorpsi. Di abomasum fermentasi lanjutan terjadi di daerah cecum dan kolon, sumbangan fermentasi di daerah ini terhadapa pencernaan pakan tergolong kecil, yaitu sekitar 5-10 % (preston dan Leng, 1987)</span></div><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Acara II. Penetuan kandungan NH3 Dan VFA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cairan Rumen</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”Penentuan kandungan NH<sub>3</sub>”.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasil Praktikum.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun hasil dari praktikum penentuan kadar NH<sub>3 </sub>dalam cairan rumen adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabung I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 2,5 ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabung II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 3,0 ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabung III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 2,2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumus</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : <b><u>ml titrasi x 14, 01 x 0,05 N x 1000</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ml sampel</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perhitungan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung I</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>2,5 x 14, 01 x 0,05 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 350,25 mg N/ liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung II</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>3,0 x 14, 01 x 0,05 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 420, 3 mg N/ liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung III</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>2,2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 14, 01 x 0,05 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 308,22 mg N/ liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amonia adalah suatu prekursor penting bagi pertumbuhan mikroba dari sebagian besar spesies bakteri di rumen. Mereka mengambil dan menggunakan amonia untuk mensintesis asam-asam amino penyusun tubuhnya. Amonia bahkan ditetapkan sebagai sumber energi utama bagi kebanyakan bakteri, terutama dari golongan bakteri yang terlibat dalam pencernaan pati dan sellulosa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari hasil praktikum di atas kisaran kadar NH<sub>3 </sub>dalam cairan rumen yaitu rata-rata 359 mg N/ liter isi rumen. Hal ini menandakan bahwa kadar NH<sub>3 </sub>dalam cairan rumen yang digunakan sebagai sampel sangat baik karena transformasi nitrogen mikroba terutama dilakukan melalui ketersediaan amonia, sehingga sangat penting jika amonia selalu tersedia dalam rumen ternak ruminansia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Protein yang dikonsumsi sebagian akan didegradasi di dalam rumen dan yang lain akan dicerna di dalam usus halus atau dikeluarkan melalui feses. Proporsi protein yang terdegradasi di dalam rumen bervariasi tergantung pada jenis bahan pakan, namun Satter dan Roffler (1981) menyebutkan bahwa protein yang terdegradasi dalam rumen besarnya rata-rata sekitar 60 persen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">”Penetuan Kandungan VFA”</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasil Praktikum.</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun hasil dari praktikum penentuan kadar VFA dalam cairan rumen adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 3,2 ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabung II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 3,5 ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tabung III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> : 2,9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ml titrasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumus</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : <b><u>ml titrasi x 14, 01 x 0,5 N x 1000</u></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ml sampel</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perhitungan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung I</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>3,2 x 14, 01 x 0,5 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 320 mM/ liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tabung II</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>3,5 x 14, 01 x 0,5 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 350 mM / liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabung III</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <u>2,9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 14, 01 x 0,5 N x 1000</u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>5,0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= 290 mM/ liter.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Telah diketahui bersama bahwa prodak akhir dari proses fermentasi bahan pakan yang dilakukan oleh mikroba rumen adalah VFA. VFA ini merupakan asam lemak yang mudah menguap yang selanjutnya akan menjadi sumber energi utama bagi ternak ruminansia. Proporsi relatif VFA secara individual bervariasi sesuai dengan kadar serat ransum. Ransum hijauan berkualitas jelek yang mengandung selulosa tinggi menghasilkan campuran VFA yang mengandung asam asetat tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari hasil praktikum di atas kisaran kadar VFA<sub> </sub>dalam cairan rumen yaitu rata-rata 320 mM/ liter isi rumen. Hal ini menandakan bahwa kadar VFA<sub> </sub>dalam cairan rumen tersedia cukup, sehingga asupan energi tercukupi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel I. Pengaruh ransum terhadap proporsi VFA dalam cairan rumen domba</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">ransum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 109px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 362px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="362" /></span><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Total VFA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(mM/ liter )</span></b></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.7pt;" valign="top" width="354"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">proporsi molar (%)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">asetat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>propionat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>butirat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tinggi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="6" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.15in;" valign="top" width="590"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hay<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: bijian</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">97</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.3pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">66</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">22</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">9</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">80<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">80</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.3pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">61</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">25</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">11</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">60<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">87</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.3pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">61</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">23</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">13</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">40<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>60</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">76</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.3pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">52</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">34</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">12</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">3</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>80</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 88.55pt;" valign="top" width="118"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">70</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.3pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">40</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">40</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">15</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">5</span></b></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">KESIMPULAN</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan praktikum maka ada beberapa point yang dapat praktikan simpulkan yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumen adalah kompartemen lambung (dindingnya seperti handuk) yang terbesar,menempati 71 % total volume lambung, dan pisahkan dari reticulum oleh lipatan-lipatan ruminoreticular.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Retikulum<b> </b>(<i>jalan antara rumen dan omasum</i>)Bagian dalam retikulum terdiri dari papilla-papilla yg terbentuk seperti rumah tawon yg dikenal <b><i>Honey comb.</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan-bahan yang diserap dari omasum mengandung air,VFA dan bikarbonat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">abomasum terletak didasar rongga perut. Disejajarkan dengan perut sejati karena disinilah disekresikan cairan lambung oleh sel-sel abomasum. Dengan demikian merupakan daerah pertama tempat berlangsungnya pencernaan protein oleh ternak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Amonia adalah suatu prekursor penting bagi pertumbuhan mikroba dari sebagian besar spesies bakteri di rumen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">VFA(Volatyle Fatty Acid) merupakan asam lemak yang mudah menguap yang selanjutnya akan menjadi sumber energi utama bagi ternak ruminansia.</span></div><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Arora, S. P. 2005. <i>Pencernaan Mikrobia pada Ruminansia</i>. Gajah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Frandson, R.D. 1992 . <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak Edisi IV</i>. Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN">Kartadisastra, 1997. <i>Zoologi</i> . Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB. Bogor .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN">McDonald .1981 . <i>Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals</i>. 6rd. Lippicont Williams and Wilkins, Philadelpia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">. Poncet dkk<strong>.</strong> 1995 . <i>Kawan Beternak</i>. Yayasan Kanisius, Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Satter, Roffler. 1981.</span> <i><span lang="IN">Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates</span></i><span lang="IN">. 9rd. McGraw-Hill Higher International.Edition Biological Science Series, Singapore.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><span lang="IN">Soetanto. 1994 .</span><i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">peran Mikroba pada Ruminansia</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -34.3pt;"><span lang="IN">Tillman, A.D., H. Hartadi, S. Reksohadiprojo, S. Prawirokusumo, S. Lebdosoekojo.1984. <i>Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar</i>. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wallace. 1994. <i>Veterinary Anatomy, Basic, Comparative and Clinical</i>. Drawings by Sharon Ashby. Texas A and M University Press, USA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-24264432393866013492012-02-10T23:36:00.000-08:002012-02-10T23:36:03.651-08:00Laporan Praktikum Dasar Nutrisi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM DASAR NUTRISI</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1056"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </div><div class="Section1"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div><b>Latar Belakang</b> <h4 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi adalah substansi organik yang dibutuhkan organisme untuk fungsi normal dari sistem tubuh, pertumbuhan, pemeliharaan kesehatan. Nutrisi didapatkan dari makanan dan cairan yang selanjutnya diasimilasi oleh tubuh.</span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi seperti halnya oksigen dan cairan senantiasa dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penderita yang tidak dapat makan atau tidak boleh makan harus tetap mendapat masukan nutrisi melalui cara enteral (pipa nasogastrik) atau cara parentral (intravena).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pakan merupakan faktor utama penentu keberhasilan dari suatu usaha peternakan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Suatu bahan pakan dikatakan pakan yang berkualitas apabila memiliki kandungan bahan pakan yang tediri dari bahan organik seperti karbohidrat, protein lemak. Dan terdiri dari bahan anorganik seperti calsium,phospor, dan mineral.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Energi adalah komponen yang paling penting dari ransom seekor ternak. Jumlah energi yang tersedia untuk ternak tergantung pada (1) konsumsi makan dan (2) besarnya kehilangan selama digesti dan metabolisma. Jumlah makanan merupakan faktor penentu terpenting dari energi yang disediakan untuk seekor ternak dan akan menjadi pertimbangan dalam bagian akhir pada konsumsi pakan bebas (voluntary feed intake). Energi pakan yang masuk akan mengalami jumlah pengurangan sebelum energi tersedia untuk ternak dalam bentuk dapat digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Energi pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak dapat digunakan dalam 3 cara: <strong>(1) menyediakan energi untuk aktivitas; (2) dapat dikonversi menjadi panas; dan (3) dapat disimpan sebagai jaringan tubuh.</strong> Kelebihan energi pakan yang dikonsumsi setelah terpenuhi untuk kebutuhan pertumbuhan normal dan metabolisme biasanya disimpan sebagai lemak. Kelebihan energi tersebut tidak dapat dibuang (diekskresikan) oleh tubuh ternak. Energi disimpan di dalam karbohidrat, lemak dan protein dari bahan makanan. Semua bahan tersebut mengandung karbon (C) dan hidrogen (H) dalam bentuk yang bisa dioksidasi menjadi karbondioksida (CO2) dan air (H2O) yang menunjukan energi potensial untuk ternak. Jumlah panas yang diproduksi ketika pakan dibakar secara sempurna dengan adanya oksigen dapat diukur dengan alat kalorimeter bom dan disebut <strong>Energi Bruto (EB</strong>) dari pakan. Persentase <b>EB</b> yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh ternak dan digunakan untuk mendukung proses metabolik tergantung kemampuan ternak untuk mencerna bahan makanan. Pencernaan mencerminkan proses fisika dan kimia yang terjadi dalam saluran pencernaan dan menyebabkan pecahnya senyawa kimia kompleks dalam pakan menjadi molekul lebih kecil yang dapat diserap dan digunakan oleh ternak. Energi yang diserap tersebut disebut <strong>Energi Dapat Dicerna (EDD)</strong>. Pada ternak non-ruminansia, kehilangan energi lebih lanjut terjadi melalui urin berupa limbah yang mengandung nitrogen dan senyawa lain yang tidak dioksidasi oleh tubuh ternak serta untuk ternak ruminansia selain melalui urin, kehilangan energi juga melalui pembentukan gas methan. <b>EDD</b> dikurangi energi yang hilang melalui urin (Non-Ruminansia) atau urin+methan (Ruminansia) disebut <strong>Energi Metabolis (EM</strong>) pakan. Selama metabolisme zat makanan, terjadi kehilangan energi yang disebut <strong><i>Heat Increament</i></strong>. Sisa energi dari pakan yang tersedia bagi ternak untuk digunakan keperluan hidup pokok (maintenance) dan produksi disebut <strong>Energi Neto (EN)</strong>.<em> </em></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Energi bruto bahan makanan (GE)</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 207.0pt center 3.0in left 261.0pt 264.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251648512;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 299px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251645440;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="38" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 275px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251644416;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251643392;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="122" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251642368;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; left: 270px; position: absolute; top: -13px; width: 12px;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="12" /></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Energi dalam feses<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>energi dapat dicerna (DE)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.75in 336.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 436px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 388px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 232px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 251652608;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="50" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 232px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="122" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.75in 336.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 227px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Energi metabolis (ME)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Energi dalam urin dan gas (CH4)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.75in 336.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.75in 336.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"> </span></div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="1" width="112"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" width="242" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span> <br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 3.75in 336.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 347px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 12px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="12" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penambahan jumlah panas(HI)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Energi Netto (NE)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 375.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 436px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 14px; left: 0px; margin-left: 196px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="2" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 316px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="122" /></span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 196px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 122px; z-index: 251662848;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="122" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 375.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 375.75pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hidup Pokok<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Energi Netto Untuk Produksi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in 375.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 113.25pt 2.0in 2.5in 3.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="9" /></span><span style="height: 86px; left: 0px; margin-left: 280px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="86" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="2" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertambahan berat badan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 13px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="9" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wol, bulu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251671040;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="9" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Telur fetus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 7px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 9px; z-index: 251672064;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="9" /></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Susu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Skema diatas menggambarkan <b><i>Energi Pakan</i></b> yang masuk akan mengalami jumlah pengurangan sebelum energi tersedia untuk ternak dalam bentuk dapat digunakan. </span></div><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi Dan Metode Praktikum</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Materi praktikum</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alat-alat praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adapun alat-alat praktikum yang kami gunakan dalam praktikum penetapan gross energi menggunakan BOM kalori meter ini adalah bom adiabatic calori meter, yang dilengkapi dengan berbagai alat didalamnya yang antara lain meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Silinder bom , yaitu tempat berlangsungnya pembakaran sampel bahan pakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kawat khrom, sebagai pengantar aliran listrik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Termometer pengukur perubahan suhu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">gelas piala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan-bahan praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adapun bahan-bahan praktikum yang kami gunakan dalam praktikum penetapan gross energi menggunakan BOM kalori meter ini adalah sbb:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dedak padi sebagai sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">aquades</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">methyl orange sebagai indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Metode praktikum</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun metode <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>praktikum yang kami gunakan dalam praktikum Penetapan Gross Energi menggunakan BOM kalori meter ini adalah sbb:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">timbang sampel pakan yang telah dipelet </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 1 gram, kemudian taruh di dalam cawan nikel dan selanjutnya letakan di <i>terminal knot.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Potong kawat chrom sepanjang 10 cm, lalu [pasangkan kawat tersebut diterminal knot. Usahakan agar kawat tersebut bersinggungan (bersentuhan) dengan sampel yang akan dibakar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Siapkan silinder bom dan masukan aquades kedalamnya sebanyak 2 ml.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masukan sampel pakan beserta cawean nikelnya kedalam silinder bom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tutup silinder bom dengan cara diputar (screw up).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Alirkan gas O<sup>2</sup> kedalam bom sebanyak 30 atm.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Isikan aquades kedalam bucket, kondisikan temperatur air tersebut lebih rendah 1,5 <sup>0</sup>c dari suhu kamar. Setelah itu masukan silinder bom kedalamnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hubungkan kabel listrik ke saluran terminal knot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tutup bom kalori.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hidupkan tombol dinamo(stirrer) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">±</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 2 menit, lalu lihat di termometer dan catat temperatur(temperatur awal atau To).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Selanjutnya tekan tombol bom hingga lampu indikator menyala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Biarkan proses pembakaran berlangsung sampai temperaturnya konstan yang di tandai dengan bunyi alaram. Proses ini butuh waktu selama 5 menit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Matikan tombol dinamo(stirrer).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Buka tutup bom, lepaskan kabel dari terminal knot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Angkat silinder bom dari bucket, dan buang sisi gas pembakaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Buka tutup silinder bom, kemudian semprot dengan aquades bagian sebelah dalam silinder bom.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tampung dalam gelas piala cairan aquades yang disemprotkan beserta sisa abu pembakran tadi, lalu tambahkan 2 tetes methyl orange(sebagai indikator) kemudian tetrasi dengan larutan standar Na<sup>2</sup>co<sup>3</sup> 0,0725 N.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hentikan tetrasi jika terjadi perubahan warna (kuning). Catat warna volume (ml) larutan standar yang digunakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lakukan perhitungan <b>Gross Energi</b> bahan pakan dengan menggunakan rumus:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">GE = </span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 2470 </span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span></span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> volume titrasi(ml) + panas kawat (kal)</span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Berat sampel (g)</span></div></div><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="Section2"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasil Dan Pembahasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hasil praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun hasil yang kami dapatkan dari praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: .25in; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kode </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berat sampel (gr)</span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suhu (<sup>o</sup>c)</span></div></td> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 165.25pt;" valign="top" width="220"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kawat (cm)</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="top" width="44"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">titrasi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sampel kelompok</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">awal</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">akhir</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">t</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Awal</span></div></td> <td style="border-right: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sisa trbakar</span></div></td> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">trbakar</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="top" width="52"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Panas</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 43.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 129.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1,012</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">23,4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">25,5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2,1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">10</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2,5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">7,5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="top" width="52"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">17,25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="top" width="44"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">6,7</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 54.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1,020</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">24,4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">25,7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">5,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">4,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 39.25pt;" valign="top" width="52"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">10,35</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 54.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.75pt;" valign="top" width="44"> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">0</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Rumus kerja : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(D. padi)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GE = </span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">t x 2470 – Vol Titrasi(ml) + Panas Kawat (kal)</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GE = 1,3 <u>x 2470 – 0</u> + 10,35</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,020</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3211 + 10,35</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <u>3221<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u>= 3158, 18 kal/gr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.020</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 3.158 kkal/gr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">(B. kelapa)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GE = </span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">t x 2470 – Vol Titrasi(ml) + Panas Kawat (kal)</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GE = 2,1 <u>x 2470 - 6,7</u><sub> </sub>+ 17,25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,012</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 5111 + 17,25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <u>5128 </u>= 5067 , 44 kal/gr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,012</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 5,067 kkal/gr</span></div></div><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pembahasan</span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gross Energy (GE) / Energi Bruto (EB) adalah panas yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran bahan makanan dan diukur dengan bom kalorimeter. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Energi bruto ditentukan melalui pembakaran makanan dalam bom kalori meter. Nilai yang diperoleh tergantung pada komposisi kimia yakni proporsi lemak, karbolhidrat dan protein. Nilai yang biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan zat makanan adalah (<b>MJ/Kg BK</b>, bahan kering)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Lemak <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 39,3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Protein <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 23,4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Karbohidrat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 17,6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keunggulan karbohidrat dari bermacam-macam bahan makanan karena memiliki kadar gros energi(GE) sekitar 18,5 <b>MJ/Kg BK </b>untuk beberapa ransum yang biasa digunakan. Nilai-nilai yang di lebih tinggi terdapat pada ransum-ransum khusus yang berprotein atau berlemak tinggi, sebagai contoh, air susu sapi (24<b> MJ/Kg BK</b>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam praktikum ini kami menggunakan sampel yaitu dedak padi dan sebagai pembandingnya kami menggunakan Bungkiol kelapa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dedak padi (<em>hu’ut</em> dalam bahasa sunda) merupakan hasil sisa dari penumbukan atau penggilingan gabah padi. Dedak tersusun dari tiga bagian yang masing masing berbeda kandungan zatnya.Ketiga bagian tersebut adalah:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kulit gabah yang banyak mengandung serat kasar dan mineral </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Selaput perak yang kaya akan protein dan vitamin B1, juga lemak dan mineral. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lembaga beras yang sebagian besar terdiri dari karbohidrat yang mudah dicerna. </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berhubung dedak merupakan campuran dari ketiga bagian tersebut diatas maka nilai/martabatnya selalu berubah-ubah tergantung dari proporsi bagian-bagian tersebut. </span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Menurut kelas nilainya, dedak dibagi menjadi empat kelas, yaitu:</span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dedak kasar adalah kulit gabah halus yang bercampur dengan sedikit pecahan lembaga beras dan daya cernanya relatif rendah. Analisa kandungan nutrisi: 10.6% air, 4.1% protein, 32.4% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 35.3% serat kasar, 1.6% lemak dan 16% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati 19 sebenarnya dedak kasar ini sudah tidak termasuk sebagai bahan makanan penguat (konsentrat) sebab kandungan serat kasarnya relatif terlalu tinggi (35.3%) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dedak halus biasa merupakan hasil sisa dari penumbukan padi secara tradisional (disebut juga dedak kampung). Dedak halus biasa ini banyak mengandung komponen kulit gabah, juga selaput perak dan pecahan lembaga beras. Kadar serat kasarnya masih cukup tinggi akan tetapi sudah termasuk dalam golongan konsentrat karena kadar serat kasar dibawah 18%. Martabat Pati nya termasuk rendah dan hanya sebagian kecil saja yang dapat dicerna.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 16.2% air, 9.5% protein, 43.8% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 16.4% serat kasar, 3.3% lemak dan 10.8% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati (MP) nya 53 </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dedak lunteh merupakan hasil ikutan dari pengasahan/pemutihan beras (slep atau <em>polishing</em> beras). Dari semua macam dedak, dedak inilah yang banyak mengandung protein dan vitamin B1 karena sebagian besar terdiri dari selaput perak dan bahan lembaga, dan hanya sedikit mengandung kulit. Di beberapa tempat dedak ini disebut juga dedak murni. Analisa nutrisi: 15.9% air, 15.3% protein, 42.8% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 8.1% serat kasar, 8.5% lemak, 9.4% abu serta nilai MP adalah 67. </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Berdasarkan praktikum dengan menggunakan dedak padi yang dengan berat sampel 1,020 (gr) dengan perlakuan-perlakuan sesuai dengan prosedur kerja maka kami mendapatkan <b>Gross Energi</b> sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>3158, 18 kal/gr atau 3.158 kkal/gr</b>. Agak berbeda dengan sampel pembandingnya dalam hal ini bungkil kelapa yang <b>Gross Energi</b> sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>5,067 kkal/gr</b>. Perbedaan Gross Energi dari kedua sampel tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal seperti berat sampel yang berbeda dan perlakuan-perlakuan terhadap sampel selama praktikum. Dan pada dasarnya juga bungkil kelapa lebih tinggi kandungan zat gizinya bila dibandingkan dengan dedak padi(tabel komp.bahan baku pakan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kesimpulan dan saran</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adapun beberapa kesimpulan yang dapat praktikan simpulkan adalah sbb:</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gross Energy (GE) / Energi Bruto (EB) adalah panas yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran bahan makanan dan diukur dengan bom kalorimeter.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">dedak padi </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dengan berat sampel 1,020 (gr) dengan perlakuan-perlakuan sesuai dengan prosedur kerja memiliki <b>Gross Energi</b> sebesar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>3158, 18 kal/gr atau 3.158 kkal/gr.</b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bungkil kelapa lebih tinggi kandungan zat gizinya bila dibandingkan dengan dedak padi(tabel komp.bahan baku pakan) dan berdasarkan hasil praktikum juga menunjukan hal yang demikian.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in left 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">rumus yang digunakan untuk mengetahui energi bruto suatu bahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pakan adalah GE = </span><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">D</span></span></u><u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">t x 2470 – Vol Titrasi(ml) + Panas Kawat (kal)</span></u><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 5.5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berat sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">dApun saran yang dapat praktikan sampaikan adalah sbb:</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sebaiknya semua praktikan dapat ikut andil dalam melaksanakan praktikum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dalam melakukan prosedur kerja diharapkan untuk berhari-hati karena kesalahan sedikit akan dapat merubah hasil praktik.</span></li>
</ol><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Monotype Corsiva"; font-size: 18pt;"></span></u></i></div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-85333220557221594962012-02-10T23:25:00.000-08:002012-02-10T23:25:35.826-08:00Laporan Praktikum Biji benih Makanan Ternak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAPORAN BIJI/BENIH MAKANAN TERNAK</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Presented by Ryan Aryadin Putra</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B1B 008.026</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian benih dalam kondisi lapang biasanya kurang memuaskan karena hasilnya tidak dapat diulang dengan konsisten. Karena itu, pengujian dilaboratorium dilaksanakan dengan mengendalikan faktor lingkungan agar mencapai perkecambahan yang teratur, cepat, lengkap bagi kebanyakan contoh benih. Kondisi yang terkendali telah distandarisasi untuk memungkinkan hasil pengujian yang dapat diulang sedekat mungkin kesamaannya. Terdapat bermacam-macam metode uji perkecambahan benih, setiap metode memiliki kekhususan tersendiri sehubungan dengan jenis benih diuji, jenis alat perkecambahan yang digunakan, dan jenis parameter viabilitas benih dinilai. Berdasarkan substratnya, metode uji perkecambahan benih dapat digolongkan kedalam menggunakan kertas, pasir dan tanah. Pada kesempatan ini yang akan dipelajari metode uni daya kecambah (SGT), uji kecepatan berkecambah (IVT), Kondisi lingkungan perkecambahan pada semua metode ini adalah optimum.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Dan Kegunaan Praktikum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
Tujuan Praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mahasiswa mampu melaksanakan pengujian viabilitas dan vigor benih terutama benih <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanaman pangan dan pakan ternak</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa mengetahi criteria kecambah normal dan abnormal</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa dapat melakukan dan mengetahui viabilitas dan vigor dari benih yang dijadikan sebagai bahan praktikum</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahasiswa dapat mengetahui criteria kecambah yang dapat tumbuh normal dan tidak normal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji adalah ovule yang dewasa.Terbentuk satu atau lebih di dalam satu ovari pada legume,tapi tidak pernah lebih dari satu biji terbentuk dalam ovari pada monokotil.Setiap biji matang selalu terdiri paling kurang dua bagian,yaitu: (1).Embryo,(2).Kulit biji (Seed coat atau testa).Embryo terbentuk atau berasal dari telur yang dibuahi (zygote) dengan mengalami pembelahan sel di dalam embryo sac.Kulit biji terbentuk dari integumen (satu atau lebih) dari ovule.Pada legume umumnya terdapat dua lapis kulit biji.Lapisan sebelah dalam tipis dan lunak,sedangkan lapisan sebelah luar tebal dan keras fungsinya sebagai lapisan proteksi terhadap suhu,penyakit dan sentuhan mekanis. Setiap biji yang sanmgat muda dan sedang tumbuh, selalu terdri atas tiga bagian yaitu: (1) Embryo,(2) Kulit buji (seed coat),(3) Endosperm.Endosperm yaitu suatu jaringan penyimpanan makanan cadangan (storage tissue) yang mana diserap oleh embryo sebelum atau selama perkecambahan biji dan selalu terdapat di dalam biji yang sangat muda.Hubungan dalam struktur reproduktif dari fase bunga sampai menjadi buah atau biji masak yaitu: Ovule menjadi biji, ovari menjadi buah, ovari wall menjadi pericarp (2n), nucellus menjadi perisperm (2n), integument menjadi testa atau seed coat, 2 polar nuclei + sperm nucleus menjadi endosperm (3n), Egg nucleus + sperm nucleus menjadi zigote-embryo (2n),embryo sac akan lenyap, micropyl menjadi micropyle, funiculus menjadi hilum, funiculus + integumen menjadi raphae.Pada legumes(kacang-kacangan),biji mempunyai 2 cotiledon tanpa endosperm.Kulit biji pada legume pada umumnya mudah dilepaskan dari biji setelah perendaman dengan air panas sehingga terlihat seluruh biji atau embryo.Embryo ini terdiri atas bagian-bagian: (1) 2 cotyledon atau daun biji,(2) biasanya 2 helai daun kecil sekitar titik tumbuh,(3) hypocotyl,(4) radicle.Makanan cadangan yang terdapat dalam biji dapat dalam bentuk: (a).karbohidrat,terutama dalam bentuk tepung, hemiselulose,gula, (b) lemak atau minyak dan (c) protein (Jurnalis Kamil, 1979). <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biji dapat memiliki fungsi ganda, sebagai bahan konsumsi dan sebagai bahan tanaman. Secara fungsional dalam memenuhi kepentingan budidaya. Tanaman biji itu tidak sama dengan benih.Biji tumbuhan kalau dipelihara dan ditangani untuk tujuan budidaya, maka biji berfungsi sebagai benih dalam batasan. Dalam batasan struktural, benih sama dengan buah tetapi dalam batasan fungsional tidak sama dengan biji (Sjamsoed Saudjad, 1993).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Biji bukan objek pasca panen karena benih merupakan komoditi pertanian yang proses produksi dan persiapan sejak benih sumber yang ditanamharus jelas identitas genetiknya sampai menghasilkan benih bermutu sesuai analisis benih ditangan konsumen benih (Wahyu Qamara Munisjah, dkk, 1991)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibit / Benih<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bibit adalah tumbuhan muda yang makanannya tergantung kepada persediaan bahan makanan yang terdapat dalam biji.Pada kondisi yang menguntungkan, suatu biji akan berkecambah. Apabila biji tersebut dikecambahkan pada medium tanah maka akan terjadi suetu peristiwa dimana bibit muncul di atas pemukaan tanah peristiwa ini di sebut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergence of seedlings</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang selanjutnya akan diikuti dengan pertumbuhan bibit menjadi tanaman dewasa.Berdasarkan letak cotiledon, dapat dibedakan 2 tipe bibit yaitu: (1) Bibit tipe epigeal yakni bibit dimana cotiledonnya terangkat di atas permukaan tanah sewaktu pertumbuhannya.Terangkatnya cotiledon ini ke atas permukaan tanah disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan dan perpanjangan hypocotil, sedangkan ujung arah kebawah sudah tertambat ke tanah dengan akar-akar lateral.Hypocotil membengkok dan bergeser ke arah permukaan tanah kemudian menembus dengan merekahnya lalu mulcul dipermukaan tanah.Pada proses ini cotiledon berfungsi sebai pelindung plumule dari kerusakan yang disebabkan pergeseran dengan tanah.Bibit tipe epigeal ini umumnya terdapat pada dicots seperti beam,alfalfa,clovers, kacang kedelai,kacang tanah yang termasuk legume.Pada kacang-kacangan sebagian makanan cadangan di dalam cotiledondi pakai oleh akar yang sedang tumbuh tetapi sebagian besar masih tinggal di dalam cotiledon walaupun ia sudah terngkat di atas permukaan tanah.Sementara itu pertumbuhan plumule berlangsung lebih aktif dan membentuk helaian daun yang sebenarnya.(2) Bibit tipe hypogeal yakni bibit di mana cotiledonnya tetap itnggal dalam permukaan tanah sewaktu pertumbuhannya.Bibit tipe hypogeal ini dijumpai pada semua anggota famili grasse atau pada kebanyakan monocots tapi jarang di jumpai pada dicots.Contoh: Peas dan scarlet runner bear.Sewaktu perkecambahan pada biji graminae,padi ,gandum, jagung, cotiledon di sini di sebut sculellum tetap tinggal dalam tanah fungsinya sebagai organ penyerap makanan dari endorperm dan mengantarkannya kepada embryonis axis yang sedang tumbuh.Sewaktu perkecambahan ini yang pertama kali keluar adala radicle sgera kemudian pada radicle ini keluar akar-akar cabang bersama-sama dengan akar primer membentuk sistim akar primer ( primary root sytem) (Jurnalis Kamil, 1979).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkecambahan</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkecambahan merupakan serangkaian proses penting yang terjadi sejak benih dorman sampai ke bibit yang sedang tumbuh (Setyati, 1996). Daya kecambah benih adalah mekar dan berkembangnya bagian-bagian penting dari embrio suatu benih yang menunjukkan kemampuan untuk tumbuh normal pada lingkungan yang sesuai (Kartasapoetra, 1989). Daya kecambah benih meningkat dengan bertambah tuanya biji sampai masak fisiologis biji tercapai (Kamil, 1983).<br />
Tipe perkecambahan benih ada dua macam yaitu hipogeal dan epigeal. Pada tipe kecambah hipogeal, kotiledon tetap tinggal di tanah, sedangkan pada tipe kecambah epigeal kotiledon terangkat keatas (Kartasapoetra, 1989). Biji legum termasuk tipe kecambah epigeal dimana kotiledonnya ikut terangkat ke permukaan tanah. Hal itu disebabkan karena pertumbuhan dan perpanjangan hipokotil kearah bawah tertambat ke tanah dengan akar-akar lateral. Hipokotil membengkok, bergeser dan muncul ke permukaan tanah (Sutopo, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Perkecambahan</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses perkecambahan benih meliputi lima tahapan. Tahap pertama perkecambahan benih dimulai dari proses penyerapan air oleh benih, melunaknya kulit benih dan hidrasi dari protoplasma. Tahap kedua yaitu kegiatan sel-sel dan naiknya tingkat respirasi benih. Tahap ketiga adalah penguraian bahan-bahan seperti protein, karbohidrat dan lemak menjadi bentuk-bentuk yang melarut dan ditranslokasikan ke titik-titik tumbuh. Tahap keempat adalah asimilasi dari bahan-bahan yang telah diuraikan didaerah meristemmatik yang menghasilkan energi untuk kegiatan pembentukkan komponen dan pertumbuhan sel-sel baru. Tahap kelima pertumbuhan dari kecambah melalui proses pembelahan, pembesaran dan pembagian sel-sel pada titik tumbuh (Sutopo, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor yang mempengaruhi perkecambahan benih adalah faktor dari dalam dan luar. Faktor dari dalam meliputi tingkat kemasakan benih, ukuran benih, dormansi dan penghambat perkecambahan, Sedangkan faktor dari luar adalah air, temperatur, oksigen, cahaya dan media yang digunakan (Sutopo, 1988). </span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kondisi Lingkungan Ideal Perkecambahan</i></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan benih untuk tumbuh normal pada keadaan lingkungan yang kurang menguntungkan disebut vigor benih (Sutopo, 1988). Bila benih berkemampuan tinggi menghasilkan tanaman normal pada kondisi tersebut maka benih itu mempunyai vigor yang tinggi. Benih bervigor tinggi jika prosentase vigor lebih dari 70% (Sadjad, 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benih Normal</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya kenormalan benih ditentukan berdasar ketegaran struktur tumbuh yang terdiri dari akar primer, akar seminal sekunder, hipokotil, kotiledon, dan daun pertama yang tumbuh pada kotiledon atau koleoptil dan daun pertama yang tumbuh didalamnya (Sadjad, 1994). Kriteria kecambah yang normal adalah kecambah yang mempunyai akar primer dan minimal mempunyai 2 akar seminal, hipokotil berkembang dengan baik tanpa ada kerusakan, pertumbuhan plumula sempurna, memiliki 2 kotiledon bagi tanaman dikotil. Adapun kekurangan lain yang masih dapat diterima untuk dinyatakan sebagai kecambah normal adalah hipokotil boleh sedikit rusak asal jaringan penting tidak terganggu fungsinya, dan mempunyai satu kotiledon untuk dikotil (Sutopo, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria Kecambah Normal Dan Tidak Normal</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kriteria kecambah yang abnormal adalah kecambah yang tidak mempunyai akar primer, jaringan hipokotil banyak yang rusak sehingga mengganggu pertumbuhan, tidak mempunyai kotiledon bagi tanaman dikotil, plumula berputar dan hipokotil membengkok (Kamil, 1983).</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MATERI Dan METODE</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Materi Praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nampan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">seedbed)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spray untuk menyiram</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kayu penusuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji kedelai (Glysine Max)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun metode praktikum yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan nampan yang akan digunakan sebagai pengganti polybag</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan biji kedelai yang akan digunakan sebagai bibit sebanyak 25 butir</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil tanah sebagi media tanam (tanah yang diambil 15 cm dari atas permukaan tanah)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiram tanah tersebut dengan air</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanam 25 butir benih dengan kedalaman 5 cm, kemudian tutup dengan tanah lalu tempatkan didalam laboratorium</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amati kecambah yang muncul dipermukaan tanah pada 3 dan 5 hari setelah tanam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hitung persentase kecambah normal yang muncul sebagai nilai ketahanan benih terhadap kondisi sub optimum.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan evaluasi setiap hari mulai dari proses perkecambahan sampai tanaman berumur 2 minggu.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat dan Tanggal Praktikum</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Praktikum ini dialkukan di laboratorium hijauan makanan ternak Lt. 3. Fakultas Peternak Universitas mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanggal Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Praktikum ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mei 2011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL Dan PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Praktikum</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap daya kecambah didapatkan data seperti yaang disajikan dalam tabel berikut ini :</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.95pt;" valign="top" width="145"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama Biji/ Benih</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">∑ Biji Yang Tumbuh</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td rowspan="17" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.95pt;" valign="top" width="145"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">G</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">L</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Y</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belum Ada Yang Tumbuh</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Belum Ada Yang Tumbuh</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Tidak Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh Tidak Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tumbuh sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3 Biji Tumbuh Tidak Sempurna</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">13</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggantian biji sebanyak 8 butir</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji Membusuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji Membusuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji Membusuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.95pt;" valign="top" width="48"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.8pt;" valign="top" width="246"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.1pt;" valign="top" width="151"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji Membusuk</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji kecepatan berkecambah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji kecepatan berkecambah / Index Value Test (IVT) dilakukan mulai pada harin ke-3 setelah benih dikecambahkan, selanjutnya setiap hari sampai akhir pengamatan, rumusnya :<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">IVT =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>jumlah Benih Berkecambah Normal</u><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>Hari Berkecambah</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IVT=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.25in; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.66 %</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadi, kecepatan kecambah dari Glysine max adalah sebesar 3.66 %</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Daya Kecambah / Standart Germination Test (SGT)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dilakukan pada hari ke-3 setelah benih dikecambahkan selanjutnya 2 hari sekali sampai akhir pengamatan, rumusnya :<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">SGT = <u>Jumlah benih berkecambah normal</u> x 100 %<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Jumlah benih yang dikecambahkan</i></b><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>SGT = <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u>x 100</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>44 %</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadi, daya kecambah dari biji Glysine Max ini adalah sebesar 44 % dari total jumlah benih yang dikecambahkan. Hasil ini cukup rendah dari target yang seharusnya dicapai (80-90 %).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkecambahan</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkecambahan merupakan serangkaian proses penting yang terjadi sejak benih dorman sampai ke bibit yang sedang tumbuh (Setyati, 1996). Daya kecambah benih adalah mekar dan berkembangnya bagian-bagian penting dari embrio suatu benih yang menunjukkan kemampuan untuk tumbuh normal pada lingkungan yang sesuai (Kartasapoetra, 1989). Daya kecambah benih meningkat dengan bertambah tuanya biji sampai masak fisiologis biji tercapai (Kamil, 1983).<br />
Tipe perkecambahan benih ada dua macam yaitu hipogeal dan epigeal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedelai merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terna" title="Terna">terna</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikotil" title="Dikotil">dikotil</a> semusim dengan percabangan sedikit, sistem perakaran akar tunggang, dan batang berkambium. Kedelai dapat berubah penampilan menjadi tumbuhan setengah merambat dalam keadaan pencahayaan rendah. Kedelai, khususnya kedelai putih dari daerah subtropik, juga merupakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotoperiodisme&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fotoperiodisme (halaman belum tersedia)">tanaman hari-pendek</a> dengan waktu kritis rata-rata 13 jam. Ia akan segera berbunga apabila pada masa siap berbunga panjang hari kurang dari 13 jam. Ini menjelaskan rendahnya produksi di daerah tropika, karena tanaman terlalu dini berbunga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji kedelai</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biji kedelai berkeping dua, terbungkus kulit biji dan tidak mengandung jaringan endospperma. Embrio terletak di antara keping biji. Warna kulit biji kuning, hitam, hijau, coklat. Pusar biji (hilum) adalah jaringan bekas biji melekat pada dinding buah. Bentuk biji kedelai umumnya bulat lonjong tetapai ada pula yang bundar atau bulat agak pipih.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Biji kedelai yang kering akan berkecambah bila memperoleh air yang cukup. Kecambah kedelai tergolong epigeous, yaitu keping biji muncul diatas tanah. Warna hipokotil, yaitu bagian batang kecambah dibawah kepaing, ungu atau hijau yang berhubungan dengan warna bunga. Kedelai yang berhipokotil ungu berbunga ungu, sedang yang berhipokotil hijau berbunga putih. Kecambah kedelai dapat digunakan sebagai sayuran (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauge" title="Tauge">tauge</a>).</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perakaran</span></i></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Tanaman kedelai mempunyai akar tunggang yang membentuk akar-akar cabang yang tumbuh menyamping (horizontal) tidak jauh dari permukaan tanah. Jika kelembapan tanah turun, akar akan berkembang lebih ke dalam agar dapat menyerap unsur hara dan air. Pertumbuhan ke samping dapat mencapai jarak 40 cm, dengan kedalaman hingga 120 cm. Selain berfungsi sebagai tempat bertumpunya tanaman dan alat pengangkut air maupun unsur hara, akar tanaman kedelai juga merupakan tempat terbentuknya bintil-<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintil_akar" title="Bintil akar">bintil akar</a>. Bintil akar tersebut berupa koloni dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakteri_pengikat_nitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bakteri pengikat nitrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">bakteri pengikat nitrogen</a> <i><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bradyrhizobium_japonicum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bradyrhizobium japonicum (halaman belum tersedia)">Bradyrhizobium japonicum</a></i> yang ber<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">simbiosis</a> secara mutualis dengan kedelai. Pada tanah yang telah mengandung bakteri ini, bintil akar mulai terbentuk sekitar 15 – 20 hari setelah tanam. Bakteri bintil akar dapat mengikat nitrogen langsung dari udara dalam bentuk gas N<sub>2</sub> yang kemudian dapat digunakan oleh kedelai setelah dioksidasi menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nitrat (halaman belum tersedia)">nitrat</a> (NO<sub>3</sub>).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang</span></i></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Kedelai berbatang dengan tinggi 30–100 cm. Batang dapat membentuk 3 – 6 cabang, tetapi bila jarak antar tanaman rapat, cabang menjadi berkurang, atau tidak bercabang sama sekali. Tipe pertumbuhan batang dapat dibedakan menjadi terbatas (<i>determinate</i>), tidak terbatas (<i>indeterminate</i>), dan setengah terbatas (<i>semi-indeterminate</i>). Tipe terbatas memiliki ciri khas berbunga serentak dan mengakhiri pertumbuhan meninggi. Tanaman pendek sampai sedang, ujung batang hampir sama besar dengan batang bagian tengah, daun teratas sama besar dengan daun batang tengah. Tipe tidak terbatas memiliki ciri berbunga secara bertahap dari bawah ke atas dan tumbuhan terus tumbuh. Tanaman berpostur sedang sampai tinggi, ujung batang lebih kecil dari bagian tengah. Tipe setengah terbatas memiliki karakteristik antara kedua tipe lainnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun</span></i></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Pada buku (<i>nodus</i>) pertama tanaman yang tumbuh dari biji terbentuk sepasang daun tunggal. Selanjutnya, pada semua buku di atasnya terbentuk daun majemuk selalu dengan tiga helai. Helai daun tunggal memiliki tangkai pendek dan daun bertiga mempunyai tangkai agak panjang. Masing-masing daun berbentuk oval, tipis, dan berwarna hijau. Permukaan daun berbulu halus (trichoma) pada kedua sisi. Tunas atau bunga akan muncul pada ketiak tangkai daun majemuk. Setelah tua, daun menguning dan gugur, mulai dari daun yang menempel di bagian bawah batang.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data pada hasil praktikum <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di atas menunjukkan bahwa benih yang ditanam sebagian ada yang berkecambah), karena sebagian biji mengalami kebusukan atau berjamur. Kebusukan ini disebabkan jumlah air yang terlalu tinggi atau berlebih pada saat penyiraman, sehingga menyebabkan gas O2 yang dibutuhkan oleh biji guna berkecambah terhambat untuk diabsorbsi yang menyebabkan biji mati, dan dapat juga disebabkan oleh factor bawaan dari benih maupun dari media (tanah) yang digunakan untuk menanam. Selain itu juga penanaman biji yang terlalu dalam menyebabkan biji tidak dapat mensuplai gas dan sinar matahari (radiasi) yang dibutuhkan biji untuk berkecambah. Hal ini sesuai pendapat Sutopo (1988), bahwa kedalaman penanaman biji berpengaruh pada efektifitas dan kecepatan tumbuh biji yang akan berkecambah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari data hasil praktikum yang terkumpulkan ada biji yang dapat berkecambah akan tetapi proses pembentukan epigeal dan bentuk daun yang tidak sesuia dengan kondisi tumbuh yang normal (abnormal), hal ini mungkin saja dapat disebabkan oleh 2 (dua) factor yaitu factor eksternal (lingkungan) dan factor internal (genetic). Factor eksternal disini dapat saja di sebabkan oleh ketersediaan unsure hara yang diperlukan untuk tumbuh normal tidak tercukupi sehingga dari hasil pengatan didapatkan ukuran epigeal yang tidak sama, bentuk daun yang keriput, berwarna kuning dan akhirnya dari total biji yang dapat berkecambah (18 biji) hanya yang tersisa 11 biji yang mampu berkecambah normal dan bertahan hidup. (6 butir biji dapat berkecambah tetapi tidak normal dan tidak mampu bertahan hidup). Factor internal dapat disebabkan oleh hormone-hormon perangsang tumbuh dari biji kedelai yang digunakan sebagai bibit dalam keadaan tidak aktif, hal-hal tersebutkan diatas merupakan beberapa factor penyebab dari rendahnya produktifitas biji kedelai untuk dapat tumbuh kembang dengan sempurna.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun kesimpulan yang dapat praktikan simpulkan berdasarkan hasil praktikum adalah sbb :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkecambahan biji sangat efektif dipengaruhi air yang cukup untuk melembabkan biji, suhu serta O2 yang cukup. Perkecambahan biji tergantung juga pada viabilitas biji, </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kondisi lingkungan yang cocok, air, suhu udara dan sedikit cahaya. Kekurangan salah satu faktor di atas dapat menyebabkan biji tidak berkecambah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dari total 25 butir biji yang dijadikan sebagai benih hanya 11 biji yang mampu berkecambah dan tumbuh kembang dengan normal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil praktikum didapatkan angka kecepatan berkecambah benih kedelai adalah 3,66% dan daya kecambah dari benih kedelai tersebut adalah 44%.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonimous. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Glysine Max. <a href="http://www.indonesia.tropicalforages.info/">http://www.indonesia.tropicalforages.info</a></i> (Diakses pada hari Selasa <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tanggal 8<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juni 2011 pukul 18.30 WIT). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kamil, M. 1983. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tingkat Kesuburan Tanah untuk Pertanian Tropika</i>. CV Rajawali, Jakarta.<br />
<br />
Kartasapoetra. 1989. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknik Benih</i>. PT Bina Angkasa, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sadjad, S.D. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknologi Pembenihan Hijauan</i>. PT Angkasa, Bandung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setyati, S.H. 1996. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Agronomi</i>. Departemen Agronomi, Fakultas Peternakan, IPB, Bogor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sutopo, A. 1988. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teknologi Benih</i>. CV Rajawali, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wahyu M.Q. 1991. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Ilmu Makanan Ternak</i>. Angkasa, Bandung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-40954505641893919072012-02-10T23:15:00.000-08:002012-02-10T23:15:34.105-08:00Terminologi Pakan Ternak<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">BEBERAPA TERMINOLOGI PAKAN TERNAK</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Pakan (feed): </span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan yang dapat dimakan dan menyediakan zat makanan untuk ternak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Pangan (food):</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> bahan yang dapat dimakan dan menyediakan zat makanan pada manusia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Diet:</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">campuran bahan pangan/pakan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan zat makanan untuk manusia/ternak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Ransum (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ration)</i>:</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> penyediaan pangan/pakan harian<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bahan pakan (<i>feedstuff</i>):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">satu atau beberapa macam bahan baik diolah, setengah jadi atau bahan baku, yang bertujuan untuk dibuat menjadi pakan atau diberikan langsung kepada hewan penghasil pangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bahan pangan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foodstuff</i>)</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> satu atau beberapa macam bahan baik diolah, setengah jadi atau bahan baku, yang bertujuan untuk dibuat menjadi pangan atau digunakan sebagai pangan/pakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bahan baku pakan</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>Feed ingredient</i>):</b> Suatu bagian komponen atau suatu penyusun dari suatu kombinasi atau campuran suatu pakan, mempunyai nilai nutrisi maupun tidak dalam ransum ternak, termasuk imbuhan pakan (<i>feed additives</i>). Bahan (<i>ingredient</i>) berasal dari tanaman, hewan atau hewan air, atau bahan organik atau anorganik lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Imbuhan Pakan (<i>Feed additives</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Setiap bahan yang tidak lajim dikonsumsi hewan sebagai pakan, yang dengan sengaja ditambahkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki atau tidak memiliki nilai nutrisi, dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik pakan atau produk hewan. (Catatan: <i>bahan tersebut meliputi microorganisme, enzim, pengatur keasaman, mineral, vitamin, dan bahan lain yang termasuk ke dalam cakupan definisi ini, tergantung pada tujuan penggunaan dan cara pemakaiannya)</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pakan Obat <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(<i>Medicated feed</i>)</span>: </span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Setiap pakan</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> yang mengandung obat hewan sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Panduan Prosedur <i>Codex Alimentarius Commission</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Bahan-bahan yang tidak diinginkan/Cemaran </span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">(<b><i>undesirable substances</i></b>)<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Cemaran-cemaran dan bahan-bahan lain yang terdapat di dalam pakan atau bahan baku pakan yang mengandung resiko terhadap kesehatan konsumen, termasuk keamanan pangan yang terkait dengan isu-isu kesehatan hewan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nutrisi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nutrition</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> secara umum dapat dimaknai sebagai suatu proses yang saling berkaitan dan menyangkut aspek pemilihan, konsumsi bahan pakan, pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrien dalam saluran pencernaan, serta metabolisme nutrien dalam sel tubuh untuk berbagai tujuan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Zat makanan atau nutrien (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nutrient</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> unsur atau senyawa kimia dalam bahan pangan atau pakan yang dapat menunjang reproduksi, pertumbuhan, laktasi atau kebutuhan hidup pokok.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Zat makanan atu nutrient: </b>air, protein dan asam amino, karbohodrat, lemak, vitamin dan unsur inorganik atau mineral (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, I, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Se). Energi yang diperlukan ternak dapat disediakan oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lemak, karbohidrat dan kerangka karbon asam amino. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Zat makanan esensial atau <i>indispensible</i></span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">:</span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> zat makanan yang diperlukan keberadaannya dalam ransum dan tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh dalam jumlah yang mencukupi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Kebutuhan nutrient (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nutrient requirement</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> jumlah nutrien yang diserap dan dimetabolisme di dalam sel-sel tubuh untuk kelestarian hidup atau keutuhan alat tubuh (kebutuhan hidup pokok) dan untuk memenuhi tujuan-tujuan produksi yang meliputi kebutuhan untuk reproduksi, pertumbuhan, produksi telur, susu, wol atau produksi tenaga tergantung pada jenis ternaknya (kebutuhan produksi).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kebutuhan nutrien untuk hidup pokok merupakan prioritas utama dalam utilisasi nutrien. Kebutuhan nutrien untuk produksi umumnya dapat dipenuhi setelah kebutuhan pokok terpenuhi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Defisiensi nutrien: </span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">suatu kondisi<b> </b>ketika jumlah suatu atau beberapa nutrient yang dikonsumsi dan diserap tidak mencukupi kebutuhan sehingga menyebabkan penurunan performans produksi atau timbulnya gejala klinisdan bahkan kematian. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gizi buruk (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">malnutrition</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> terjadi akibat kekurangan zat makanan seperti <i>marasmus</i> (defisiensi energi, protein dan zat makanan lainnya), kwashiorkior (defisiensi kualitas atau kuantitas protein), rabun ayam (defisiensi vitamin A), gondok (defisensi iodium), anemia (defisiensi Fe, vitamin B12, atau asam folat), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">white muscle desease</i> (defisiensi Se), kelainan fisik atau cacat fisik (keracunan Hg, Pb, Cu akibat pencemaran lingkungan). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Gizi berlebih:</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"> terjadi akibat kelebihan mengkonsumsi zat makanan seperti kegemukan dengan berbagai resikonya. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">KONSUMSI PAKAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Proses makan (feeding)</span></b><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">: aktivitas yang komplek, yang meliputi mencari makanan, mengamati, pergerakan, aktifitas sensorik, memakan dan mencerna. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ad libitum : </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sistem pemberian pakan yang tidak terbatas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Restricted Feeding: </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">sistem pemberian pakan yang terbatas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">CNS (Central Neurvous System)</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> : sistem syaraf pusat </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori Khemostatik: </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">merupakan teori bahwa hewan makan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan nutrien. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Teori Termostatik: </span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">terori bahwa hewan makan untuk mempertahankan temperatur tubuhnya. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">SISTEM PENCERNAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencernaan </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: proses lanjutan dari pengambilan pakan (feed intake) oleh hewan sebagai persiapan untuk proses penyerapan nutrien yang akan dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut oleh sel tubuh </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karnivora</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: kelompok hewan pemakan daging (makanan asal hewan), mempunyai gigi taring untuk mencabik makanannya, perutnya tunggal (monogastrik) dan sederhana<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Herbivora</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : kelompok hewan pemakan tumbuhanAlat pencernaan herbivora lebih panjang dan lebih kompleks serta telah mengalami modifikasi yang memungkinkan herbivora dapat menggunakan serat (selulosa dan polisakarida lain seperti hemiselulosa) dalam jumlah reletif banyak </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Omnivora: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelompok hewan yang memiliki berperut tunggal. Alat pencernaannya relatif lebih panjang, lebih kompleks dan cecum-colonnya (usus besar) lebih berkembang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena sebagian pakannya adalah nabati yang mengandung serat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Monogastrik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: hewan berperut tunggal dan sederhana. Alat pencernaannya terdiri dari mulut, esophagus, perut, usus halus, usus besar dan rektum. Sistem pencernaannya disebut <i>simple monogastric system</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Poligastrik:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> hewan berperut ganda (kompleks) seperti ruminansia sejati (hewan yang mempunyai rumen) yaitu sapi kerbau, kambing, domba, rusa, anoa, antelope dan pseudo-ruminant (onta, llama). Sistem pencernaannya disebut <i>pollygastric system</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Regurgitasi</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: proses pengelaran bolus makanan yang masih kasar kembali ke mulut untuk remastikasi menjadi dikunyah (mamah biak), biasanya dilakukan ternak ruminasia sambil berbaring </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencernaan hidrolitik atau enzimatis</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: pencernaan yang dilakukan oleh enzim-enzim pencernaan. Pada pencernaan hidrolitik ini polimer dipecah menjadi monomer, misalnya karbohidrat dipecah menjadi glukosa, atau protein dipecah menjadi asam amino. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pencernaan fermentatif:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Proses pencernaan yang dilakukan atas bantuan mikroba. Pada proses pencernaan fermentatif zat makanan dirombak menjadi senyawa lain yang berbeda sifat kimianya sebagai zat intermediate </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apparent Digestible Coeficient (ADC) : </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">koefisien cerna semu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Digestible Coeficient (ADC): </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">koefisien cerna sejati </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ENERGI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: asam-asam lemak terbang yang merupakan produk perombakan karbohidrat dan merupakan energi utama untuk ruminansia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gross Energy (GE) / Energi Bruto (EB):</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> panas yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran dengan bahan makanan dan diukur dengan bobm kalorimeter </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Digestible Energy (DE) / Energi Dapat Dicerna (EDD): </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">energi yang dapat dicerna oleh ternak. ED = GE Pakan? GE Feses </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metabolizable Energy (ME) / Energi Termetabolismekan : </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">energi yang dapat dimetaboliemekan. Dihitung dengan cara berikut: ME = GE pakan ? Ge feses dan GE urine, atau ME = DE ? GE urine.- GE metan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Heat Increament (HI): </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">panas yang dikeluarkan selama proses perombakan/ metabolime zat makanan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Net Energy (NE)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : Metabilizable Energy ? Heat Increament. ME ? HI </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">PROTEIN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Protein</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> nutrien yang terdiri dari satu atau lebih ikatan asam amino. Protein ini disebut juga polypeptide sebab beberapa asam amino saling berikatan dalam ikatan peptide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Biological Value</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: pengukuran langsung bagian protein yang bisa digunakan oleh hewan untuk mensintesis jaringan tubuh dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang di definisikan sebagai bagian nitrogen yang diabsorpsi oleh hewan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Net Protein Utilization (NPU):</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> perbedaan antara nitrogen pada karkas ayam yang diberi protein test dan nitrogen karkas pada ayam yang diberi ransum bebas nitrogen. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Protein Retention Efficiency<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(PRE):</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penilaian kualitas protein berdasarkan banyaknya protein yang dibentuk dari protein yang dikonsumsi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">: nitrogen yang bukan protein, misalnya urea, amonia, amida. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">MINERAL </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mineral Makro: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mineral yang dibuthkan dalam jumlah banyak, antara lain Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S dan Mg. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mineral Mikro: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">mineral yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah sedikit, antara lain Fe, Za, Cu, Mo, Se, I, Mn, Co, Cr, Sn, V, F, Si, Ni dan As. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">VITAMIN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vitamin</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah senyawa organik yang merupakan komponen yang terdapat didalam makanan dengan jumlah sedikit </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Provitamin</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah senyawa yang tidak termasuk vitamin tetapi dapat diubah menjadi vitamin </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Antivitamin</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> disebut juga <i>vitamin antagonis</i> atau <i>pseudovitamin</i> yaitu senyawa yang tidak berfungsi sebagai vitamin, tetapi secara kimia berhubungan dengan aktivitas biologi vitamin. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">KEBUTUHAN AIR </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Air metabolis: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah air hasil oksidasi komponen organik dalam sel </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Water turnover: </span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">adalah kecepatan air dikeluarkan dan digantikan dalam jaringan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ANTI</span><span lang="IN"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">NUTRISI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Phytat</span></b><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> merupakan salah satu non polysaccharida dari dinding tanaman seperti silakat dan oksalat<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Tannin</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> adalah senyawa phenolic yang larut dalam air. Dengan berat molekul antara 500 ? 3000,tannin bisa mengendapkan protein dari larutan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Protease inhibitor</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> adalah senyawa yang bisa menghambat trypsin dan chymotripsin dan umumnya pada tanaman mengandung konsentrasi yang rendah kecuali kedele </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Cyanogenic glycoside,</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> cyanoglycosida atau cyanogen adalah senyawa yang apabila diperlakukan asam dan diikuti dengan hidrolisis oleh enzim tertentu akan melepaskan hydrogen cyanida (HCN). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP</span></b><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">) adalah karbohidrat komplek yang terlihat di endosperm dinding sel dari biji cereal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mycotoksin</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> adalah metabolit sekunder diproduksi oleh jamur yang tumbuh pada kondisi tertentu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Angka Manfaat</strong>: angka persentasi yang menunjukkan perbandingan antara energi netto dengan energi zat-zat makanan yang dapat dicerna dari bahan makanan yang bersangkutan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abu</strong>: Zat-zat mineral yang ditentukan dengan membakar makanan (zat organik).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bahan Ekstrak Tanpa Nitrogen (BETN)</strong>: Bagian dari bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat, gula dan pati.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bahan Kering (BK)</strong>: Berat konstan bahan makakan setelah dihilangkan kandungan airnya dengan pemanasan 105 derajat celcius.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Daya Cerna</strong>: Persentase makanan yang dimakan dibanding denagn yang dikeluarkan sebagai faeces/tinja.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Bruto</strong>: Semua panas yang bebas pada pembakaran, panas ini dihasilkan dari suatu makanan yang seluruhnya dibakar sehingga menghasilkan zat-zat terakhir seperti CO2, H2O, dan gas lain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">E<strong>nergi Dapat Dicerna (Digestible Energy)</strong>: Nilai energi bruto bahan makanan dikurangi zat-zat yang tidak dapat dicerna (energi dalam faeces).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Netto</strong>: Energi tersedia dikurang energi thermis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Thermis</strong>: Energi yang dipergunakan untuk pengunyahan dan proses pencernaan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Imbangan Protein (IP)</strong>: Imbangan antara protein yang dapat dicerna dengan zat-zat makanan lainnya yang dapat dicerna dalam ransum.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kalori (cal)</strong>: Jumlah panas yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 gram/ 1 kg air dari 14.5 derajat celcius menjadi 15.5 derajat celcius.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Makanan Penguat (konsentrat)</strong>: Bahan makanan yang tinggi kadar zat-zat makanan seperti protein atau karbohidrat dan rendahnya kadar serat kasar (dibawah 18%)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Martabat Pati (MP)</strong>: Angka yang menunjukkan jumlah pati (dalam satuan kg) yang sama besar dayanya dengan 100kg bahan makanan/ransum dalam membentuk lemak yang sama banyaknya dalam tubuh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Metabolisme Energi (ME)</strong>: Nilai energi yang terhimpun pada zat-zat yang dapat dicerna dikurangi nilai energi yang keluar sebagai air kencing (urine) dan gas-gas usus.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Protein</strong>: Bagian bahan makanan yang mengandung persenyawaan nitrogen yang disusun oleh asam-asam amino esensial dan non-esensial.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Protein Dapat Dicerna (Pdd)</strong>: Bagian protein dalam bahan makanan ternak yang dapat dicerna atau diserap dalam tubuh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ransum</strong>: Campuran dari berbagai macam bahan makanan, sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup ternak baik dalam jumlah maupun kualitasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Serat Kasar</strong>: Bagian dari bahan makanan yang sulit dicerna.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN)</strong>: Semua zat makanan (yang terkandung dalam bahan makanan yang dapat dicerna, seperti protein, karbohidrat, serat kasar dan lemak.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zat Makanan</strong>: Zat yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk kelangsungan hidup tumbuh dan berproduksi, merupakan salah satu dari berbagai hasil akhir pencernaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-41814516077649549932012-02-10T22:56:00.000-08:002012-02-10T22:56:06.240-08:00PROPOSAL PENELITIAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.MsoTableGrid
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-priority:59;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid black 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;
mso-border-themecolor:text1;
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1;
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style> <![endif]--> <br />
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DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Oleh </span></i><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">RYAN ARYADIN PUTRA</span></u></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">B1B.008.026</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">PROGRAM STUDI NUTRISI DAN MAKANAN TERNAK</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">JURUSAN ILMU NUTRISI DAN MAKANAN TERNAK</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">UNIVERSITAS MATARAM</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2012</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kuda (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus caballus</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus jerus Caballus</i>) telah dikenal banyak orang sebagai hewan yang memiliki banyak fungsi, yaitu dapat digunakan sebagai hewan piaraan, hewan olah raga ataupun sebagai sarana transportasi. Hal ini disebabkan karena kuda adalah hewan yang mudah diatur, dikendalikan, dan ramah terhadap mahluk sekitarnya termasuk manusia (Wikipedia, 2012)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Populasi ternak di Indonesia mengalami kenaikan, tetapi ada beberapa jenis ternak yang mengalami penurunan. Kuda merupakan salah satu ternak yang mengalami penurunan populasi. Penurunan populasi ini terjadi karena fungsi kuda sebagai alat transportasi telah banyak digantikan oleh kendaraan bermotor, selain tingginya angka pemotongan kuda sebagai sumber pangan. Angka pemotongan kuda sebagai sumber daging di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Penurunan populasi kuda ini tidak hanya terjadi di Indonesia saja, di Amerika Serikat sampai tahun 1960 juga mengalami penurunan populasi kuda, karena terjadi mekanisasi dalam bidang transportasi dan pertanian. Kemudian populasi kuda mengalami<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kenaikan setelah terjadi peningkatan kegiatan olahraga dan rekreasi menggunakan kuda (Cunha, 1991). Peranan kuda di masyarakat antara lain sebagai sumber pangan, alat transportasi, olah raga atau rekrasi, untuk pertanian, dan untuk perang. Dua dari tiga peranan utama kuda masih sangat jelas di masyarakat Lombok Barat. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyaknya jumlah Cidomo sebagai alat transportasi. Di beberapa kecamatan yang berada wilayah Lombok Barat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kuda masih merupakan alat transportasi yang cukup penting. Menurut Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS, 2010) Populasi ternak kuda di Lombok barat Barat masih relatif tinggi. Jumlah populasi kuda untuk wilayah Lombok Barat yaitu 4.950 ekor (2006), 5.152 ekor (2007), 4.886 ekor (2008), 3.985 ekor (2009) dan 4.225 ekor (2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kuda termasuk kedalam golongan ternak herbivora nonruminansia grup <i>colon fermentor</i>. Usus besar adalah tempat untuk mikroba melakukan fermentasi. Pakan yang tahan dari penghancuran di usus kecil, terutama serat, masuk ke usus besar untuk difermentasi oleh mikroba. Prosesnya hampir sama seperti di rumen pada ternak ruminansia (Cheeke, 1999). Kuda sebagai ternak herbivora, merupakan ternak yang mengkonsumsi hijauan. Hijauan mempunyai arti yang penting dalam makanan kuda (Gibbs dan Davidson, 1992). Performan yang dihasilkan oleh kuda akan seiring dengan kualitas hijauan, dimana hijauan yang mempunyai kualitas baik akan menghasilkan performan kuda yang bagus pula. Hijauan yang bagus tentunya tidak hanya sebagai sumber energi, tetapi juga sebagai sumber protein, vitamin, mineral dan nutrisi lainnya. Untuk mendapatkan performan kuda yang bagus perlu adanya evaluasi dan penentuan kualitas hijauan pakan kuda (Guay <i>et al., </i>2002). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan di Indonesia, informasi tentang jenis, nilai nutrisi dan penggunaan hijauan sebagai pakan kuda sangat terbatas. Bahkan Parakkasi (1988) menyatakan bahwa di Indonesia dan daerah tropis lainnya belum diperoleh keterangan secara pasti tentang adanya suatu hijauan yang menonjol kualitasnya, terutama untuk pakan kuda. Hal ini bisa disebabkan masih kurangnya eksplorasi dan identifikasi sumberdaya genetik (Plasma Nutfah) hijauan yang ada. Padahal untuk mengembangkan peternakan yang mempunyai dayasaing diperlukan pemanfaatan sumberdaya lokal yang mempunyai nilai lebih. Salah satunya adalah pemanfaatan hijauan yang mempunyai kualitas nutrisi yang baik dan telah beradaptasi dengan kondisi iklim setempat. Menurut Chambliss dan Jhonson (2002) yang penting dalam pengembangan hijauan pakan kuda perlu mempertimbangkan adaptasi tanaman terhadap kondisi tanah dan iklim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Informasi tentang jenis hijauan lokal Indonesia dan kandungan nutrisinya yang potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai pakan kuda hampir belum ada. Hal ini yang mendorong dilakukan penelitian ini, sebagai suatu usaha penambahan ilmu pengetahuan dalam pengembangan peternakan yang berbasis pada sumberdaya lokal. <br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Perumusan Masalah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dari latar belakang di atas maka dapat dirumuskan masalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Belum adanya data mengenai jenis pakan (hijauan dan konsentrat) dari pakan yang diberikan kepada kuda penarik cidomo.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Minimnya data dari komposisi Kimia (Khusus Ca dan P) dari hijauan yang digunakan sebagai pakan kuda penarik cidomo di kab. Lombok barat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3.</span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Tujuan dan kegunaan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tujuan Penelitian</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penelitian ini dirancang guna memenuhi berbagai tujuan, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengetahui jenis, komposisi kimia (khususnya Ca dan P) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari hijauan yang digunakan sebagai pakan kuda cidomo di kab. Lombok Barat dan Kota Mataram.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kegunaan Penelitian</span></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .75in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hasil dari penelitian ini (baik data primer maupun sekunder) diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan dapat digunakan sebagai referensi bagi penelitian selanjutnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Kuda</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kuda adalah mamalia ungulata (hewan yang berdiri pada kuku) yang berukuran paling besar di kelasnya. Kuda berdiri pada satu kuku sehingga dimasukan dalam ordo <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">perissodactyl</i>. Dalam hal kekerabatan kuda memiliki kesatuan nenek moyang dengan tapir dan badak. Kuda merupakan satu dari hewana modern paling sukses dari genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus</i>, hal tersebut dikarenakan kemampuannya dalam bertahan hidup dari seleksi alam dan kemampuannya dalam berevolusi yang sangat baik (Anonim, 2011a).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Klasifikasi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kuda modern saat ini dibedakan menjadi kuda domestikasi dan kuda liar. Kuda domestikasi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus caballus</i>) adalah kuda yang sengaja dipelihara manusia untuk digunakan dan diambil manfaatnya. Sedangkan kuda liar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus ferus Caballus</i>) adalah kuda yang masih hidup di alam liar (Kidd, 1985)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klasifikasi kuda domestikasi dan kuda liar secara ilmiah berdasarkan aturan penamaan linaeus (1785) yaitu : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kingdom Animalia, kelas Mamalia, ordo Perrissocdactyla, family Equidae, genus Equus, spesies Equus caballus </i>untuk kuda domestic dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equus ferus Caballus</i> untuk kuda liar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengelompokan kuda kemudian berkembang pesat berdasarkan berbagai hal seperti kemampuan dalam beraktivitas yaitu cold Blood, Hot blood dan warm blood, berdasarkan ukuran tubuh seperti light horses, draught horses dan ponies (kacker, 1996), jenis aktifitas seperti work horses dan sport horses, asal daerah seperti kuda arab, kuda eropa, kuda asia, dan kuda amerika. Pengelompokan terakhir adalah berdasarkan breed, yaitu kuda yang dikawin silangkan dengan kuda jenis lain dan dihasilakn kuda jenis baru yang berkualitas baik. Breed yang terkenal antara lain Arab, Throughbred, Anglo-arab dan Shire (Kidd 1985 dan Drummond 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Begitu banyak jenis kuda di dunia , kuda arab dapat dianggap sebagai cikal bakal berbagai jenis kuda di dunia. Menurut keterangan marco polo saat berkunjung ke India tahun 1290. Para sultan di india telah menyebarluaskan kuda arab ke berbagai Negara lain di asia. Salah satu caranya adalah melalui hadiah perkawinan. Melalui ekspansi tentara arab ke berbagai penjuru Negara pada awal abad pertengahan, maka kuda arab menyebar ke berbagi penjuru dunia. Kuda arab tersebut kemudian dikawin silangkan dengan kuda lokal di daerah masing-masing Negara. Sampai saat ini telah dikenal lima ekor kuda pejantan arab yang terkemuka, masing-masing bernama the byerley Turk (1684), The Leeds Arabian (1965), the dardley Arabian (1700), the alcock Arabian (1704), dan the godolphin arabian (1730). Nama dari kuda pejantan ini akan kita temukan pada silsilah keturunan kuda jenis Throughbred yang tersebar di seluruh dunia (Soehardjono, 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Kuda Indonesia</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kuda yang terdapat di wilayah asia tenggara termasuk ke dalam ras timur karena memiliki bentuk tengkorak yang kecil. Hal tersebut berbeda dengan kuda ras eropa yang memiliki tengkorak kepala yang besar. Melihat bentuk wajahnya, kuda ras timur diduga merupakan keturunan kuda mongol. Kuda mongol diperkirakan merupakan keturunan jenis kuda przewalski yang ditemukan tahun 1879 di asia tengah (Soehardjono, 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Keadaan fisik kuda yang terdapat di Indonesia beraneka ragam karena dipengaruhi oleh keadaan geografis wilayahnya. Kuda-kuda di Indonesia memiliki ukuran tubuh yang tidaklah terlalu besar yaitu bertinggi badan 1,13 m hingga 1,33 m, hal ini disebabkan karena Indonesia berada di daerah beriklim tropis (Soehardjono, 1990). Dari ukuran tersebut maka kuda Indonesia termasuk kedalam jenis kuda poni.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Menurut Soehardjono (1990) terdapat dua jenis ras kuda local di Indonesia. Jenis pertama dikenal dengan nama kuda batak dan jenis kedua dikenal dengan nama kuda sandel (Sandel Wood) atau kuda timur. Kedua jenis kuda poni ini memiliki ukuran yang sama yaitu antara 114-123 cm. kedua jenis kuda ini memiliki kesamaan pada warna maupun bentuk. Umumnya keduanya berwarna coklat, coklat tua, sampai kemerahan dengan rambut ekor dan kaki bagian bawah berwarna hitam. Bagian kepala berukuran agak besar dengan leher lebar dan pendek, sedangkan rambut kepala kasar dan berdiri. Bagian kakinya berbentuk langsing dan berbulu pada bagian persendian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Di Indonesia kuda digunakan sebagai hewan transportasi, bahkan di beberapa daerah di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pulau jawa kuda digunakan untuk menarik kereta yang biasa disebut sebagai Delman. Delman sendiri di definisiakan sebagai kereta yang dapat diisi/dinaiki 4-5 orang dan ditarik oleh satu ekor kuda (Anonim, 2010b)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Manajemen Pakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Manajemen pakan kuda berbeda dengan manajemen ternak domestik yang lain. Hal utama yang menyebabkan hal tersebut adalah karena perbedaan anatomi dan fisiologi saluran pencernaan, pencernaan kuda termasuk kedalam pencernaan monogastrik (lambung tunggal). Selain kuda merupakan hewan yang dapat mencerna dan mengfermentasi sisa pakan pada saluran pencernaan bagian belakangnya (sekum). Dengan keunikannya itulah maka kuda mencerna dengan efisien baik pakan serat maupun konsentrat. Namun keunikan ini harus di tunjang pula dengan manajemen pakan yang baik (Anonim, 2011c).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.5.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Jenis Pakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pakan kuda di bagi menjadi 2 kategori yaitu serat atau bahan kasar dan konsentrat (Goncalves 2002 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i>. dan Kacker 1996 ). Sumber serat utama bagi kuda adalah rumput. Biasanya rumput di berikan dalam bentuk kering (hay), sehingga kadar airnya rendah. Rumput kering yang biasa diberikan pada kuda adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Timothy</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brome</i> dan rumput <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orchade </i>(Syefrizal, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Serat merupakan bagian penting dalam susunan pakan kuda karena kesehatan saluran cerna sangat di pengaruhi oleh keberadaan serat dalam pakan. Serat mengandung bahan kasar dan membantu dalam proses transportasi dan pemecahan bahan konsentrat sehingga serat merupakan sumber penting dalam nutrisi. Di Indonesia sendiri terdapat beberapa jenis sumber serat yang di gunakan sebagai pakan kuda, antara lain rumput panicum muticum dan braccaria mutica (Soehardjono, 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Konsentrat adalah pakan yang mengandung unsur protein, karbohidrat, lemak dan mineral yang dapat di berikan dalam jumlah sedikit. Contoh konsentrat ynag di gunakan sebagai pakan kuda di Indonesia antara lain adalah, bungkil kedelai, kacang hijau, gabah dan dedak. Pemberian kedua jenis pakan ini haruslah seimbang dan sangat tergantung pada berbagai faktor, seperti usia kuda, jenis pekerjaan dan berbagai kondisi lain. Jumlah pakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan waktu pakan kuda yang berubah tiba-tiba, dapat menyebabkan perubahan motilitas usus pencernaan kuda dan perubahan aliran darah. Hal tersebut sangat berbahaya bagi kuda karena dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kolik (Hamer 1993 dan soehardjono 1990).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.6.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Hijauan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kandungan gizi pakan ternak sangat sangat tergantung pada bahan hijauan yang diberikan. Hijauan yang diberikan berupa rumput alam dan rumput lapangan, rumput tanam (rumput unggul), hijauan kacang-kacangan (kaliandra, lamtoro, gamal, turi, dll), dan hijauan limbah pertanian (batang ubi jalar, jerami padi, jerami kacang-kacangan, dll). Kandungan protein hijauan kacang-kacangan sebesar 21%, rumput lapangan dan rumput unggul sebesar 10,20% (Rukmana, 2005), sedangkan hijauan limbah pertanian (jerami padi) kandungan proteinnya sebesar 3,6% (Komar, 1984)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Beberapa hijauan atau tanaman pakan kuda subtropik yang mempunyai kualitas baik, yang telah dikenal golongan rumput: Bahia (<i>Paspalum notatum,</i> Flügge), Bermuda (<i>Cynodon dactylon</i> (L.) Pers.), Digitaria (<i>Digitaria decumbens</i>, Stent), Ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.), Pearlmillet (<i>Pennisetum americanum</i>(L.) Leeke); golongan biji-bijian: Rye (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i>, Lam.), Wheat (<i>Agropyron</i> sp.) Oats (<i>Avena </i>sp), Triticale: dan legum: Rhizome peanut (<i>Arachis </i>sp), Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa L</i>), Alyceclover (<i>Alysicarpus vaginalis</i>), Crimson (<i>Trifolium incarnatum </i>L.), Redclover (<i>Trifolium pratense</i>) (Chambliss dan Jhonson, 2002) dan masih banyak yang lainnya seperti rumput Matua yang sangat baik pada saat kehamilan dan masa laktasi (Guay <i>et al., </i>2002). </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.7.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Frekuensi Pemberian pakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Seekor kuda di alam liar akan terus merumput sepanjang hari, hal tersebut disebabkan kemampuan mencerna kuda yang terbatas. Jumlah pakan yang terlalu banyak dalam satu kali pemberian akan menyebabkan proses pencernaan pakan menjadi tidak efektif dan efisien. Pakan yang tidak tercerna akan terbuang percuma melalui feses, sehingga pakan kuda harus diberikan dalam jumlah yang tepat dengan frekuensi yang sering. Jika memungkinkan, pakan kasar dan berserat seharusnya tersedia secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ad libitum</i> dalam kandang kuda agar dapat mengganti energinya yang hilang setelah melakukan berbagai aktifitasnya sepanjang hari. Jumlah pakan yang sedikit dengan frekuensi yang sering akan membuat sistim pencernaan kuda bekerja dengan baik. Frekuensi pemberian pakan kuda kompetisi setidaknya 4 sampai 5 kali sehari sedangkan untuk kuda biasa pemberian pakan minimal 2 kali sehari (Drummond 1988 dan McBane 1994).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.8.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Jumlah Pakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah total pakan yang sebaiknya diberikan tiap hari pada kuda adalah 2,5 persen dari total berat tubuhnya (Hamer, 1993). Pemberian serat dan konsentrat haruslah seimbang sesuai dengan aktivitasnya. Kuda merupakan hewan ternak yang merumput sehingga kebutuhan akan serat wajib untuk dipenuhi untuk menjaga kesehatan saluran cernanya. Jumlah serat yang harus didapatkan kuda tiap hari adalah adalah seberat 0.75 kg/hari untuk tiap 50 kg berat badan (Syefrizal, 2008). Sedangkan Hamer (1993) jumlah minimum serat yang harus didapat seekor kuda per hari adalah 1 persen dari total berat tubuhnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jumlah pemberian konsentrat dalam satu waktu pemberian pakan, jumlahnya tidak boleh melebihi 0.5 persen dari total berat tubuh kuda. Alasannya adalah bahwa konsentrat yang terdiri dari gula dan zat tepung akan dicerna dan diserap di dalam usus halus, sehingga jika jumlahnya berlebih maka zat-zat tersebut akan menumpuk di sekum dan akan menyebabkan kuda mengalami kolik (Syefrizal, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Drummond (1988) dan Hamer (1993) perhitungan jumlah pakan dan frekuensi pemberian pakan yang seharusnya diberikan kepada kuda per hari dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tabel 1. Jumlah ideal pakan kuda perhari berdasarkan % BK.</span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 460.7pt;" valign="top" width="614"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Berat kuda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 500 kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Total jumlah maksimum per hari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 2 % x 500 kg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 10 kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jumlah minimum serat per hari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1 % x 500 kg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 5 kg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jumlah maksimum konsentrat per hari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0.5 % x 500 kg<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 2.5 kg</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Sumber (Drummond 1988; Hamer 1993)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kuda dengan berat 500 kg harus mendapat 10 kg pakan perharinya, yaitu setidaknya mendapatkan 5 kg serat dan jumlah konsentrat yang diberikan tidak lebih dari 2.5 kg. dari perhitungan tersebut maka frekuensi pemberian pakan adalah dua kali sehari, namun frekuensi yang lebih sering dengan jumlah yang lebih sedikit lebih dianjurkan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.9.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Waktu Pemberian Pakan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Waktu pemberian pakan kuda yang tepat adalah saat tubuh kuda berada pada kondisi yang tenang dan rileks sehingga pencernaan dapat bekerja dengan baik. Jika yang menjadi acuan adalah aktivitas, maka waktu pemberian yang tepat adalah saat sebelum dan sesudah kuda melakukan aktivitas yaitu pada pagi , sore dan malam hari. Kuda tidak dapat mencerna pakan jika diberikan kerja bersamaan dengan waktu pakannya. Jadi lebih baik pakan diberikan setelah kuda melakukan kerja dengan jeda waktu beberapa saat (Drummond, 1988).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Frekuensi Pemberian Minum</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tubuh kuda setidaknya dari 65 sampai 75 persen air. Air berperan penting dalam semua proses metabolisme. Selain itu air juga dibutuhkan bagi proses fisiologi termasuk penggunaan saat mencerna nutrisi, regulasi suhu tubuh. Kontraksi otot, pelumasan sendi dan pembuangan zat-zat yang tidak diperlukan bagi tubuh. Atas kepentingan tersebut maka kuda harus aelalu mendapatkan air setiap harinya, sehingga air harus selalu tersedia secara ad libitum dalam kandang kuda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kuda membutuhkan ketersediaan air yang berkualitas baik dan palatabel. Kebutuhan air kuda adalah 10 sampai 12 galon (45,5 – 54,6 liter) air perhari. Pemberian air harus sangat dibatasi saat kuda setelah melakukan pekerjaan dan aktivitas yang berat. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari terjadinya minum yang berlebihan yang akan menyebabkan gangguan pada pencernaan dan gangguan metabolism tubuh lainnya (Anonim, 2011d).</span></div><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">MATERI DAN METODE PENELITIAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Materi Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Bahan-bahan penelitian</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hijuan yang diberikan sebagai pakan kuda sebanyak 500 g, diambil dari setiap kandang kuda (Istal) secara proposional. Dikeringkan, setelah beratnyan konstan (kering udara) kemudian digiling dengan ukuran ayakan 0.01 mm, untuk keperluan analisa mineral (Ca dan P).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Bahan kimia untuk analisa mineral (Ca dan P)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kuisioner untuk mengetahui informasi Manajemen Pemberian pakan oleh peternak/ pemilik kuda cidomo. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Alat-alat Penelitian</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Timbangan dengan kapasitas 3 kg, merk (Wieghtarea) dengan kepekaan 1 gr, untuk menimbang sampel hijauan pakan yang diambil di istal dan untuk keperluan penimbangan sampel kering udara</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Timbangan Analitik dengan merk “ Ohaus Precision Standar” dengan kapasitas 400 gr dan ketelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.001 gr, untuk menimbang sampel yang sudah digiling untuk bahan analisa mineral (Ca dan P)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Amplop, digunakan untuk koleksi sampel yang siap dikeringkan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Mesin penggiling/ Blender merk ”Philips” untuk menggiling sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Oven 60<sup>o</sup>C untuk mengeringkan sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Saringan , digunakan untuk menyaring sampel yang sudah diblender</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Sendok plastik kecil, untuk memasukan sampel kedalam plastik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Mangkok plastic kecil, untuk koleksi sampel yang sudah diblender </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Seperangkat alat untuk analisa mineral.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Plastik untuk membungkus sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Metode Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Lokasi Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 32.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kab. Lombok Barat , yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tiga kecamatan di Kab. Lombok Barat sebagai tempat pengambilan data (Survai) dan pengambilan sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Laboratorium Kimia Analitik FMIPA , Fakultas MIPA universitas mataram sebagai tempat penelitian Komposisi kimia (Ca dan P)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pelaksanaan Penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dalam penelitian ini, dibagi menjadi dua tahap pelaksanaan, yaitu tahap survai (observasi) sekaligus pengambilan sampel dan tahap Analisa sampel (identifikasi dan komposisi kimia).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penelitian Tahap Survai dan pengambilan sampel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pengumpulan data primer, meliputi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Wawancara dengan mengadakan tanya jawab secara langsung kepada peternak/pemilik kuda cidomo dengan menggunakan kuisioner untuk mendapatkan data secara lengkap.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Teknik yang digunakan dalam mengambil sampel adalah <i>Stratified Random Sampling.</i> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Contoh diambil dari setiap Kecamatan diambil secara Acak Sederhana sehingga setiap peternak/pemilik kuda cidomo mempunyai peluang yang sama<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pengambilan sampel secara proposional di istal (kandang kuda) milik responden. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hijauan yang diambil diasumsikan mempunyai pengelolaan yang sama (umur pemotongan, tinggi pemotongan, dan kondisi kesuburan tanah).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pengumpulan data Sekunder yang diperoleh dari instansi-instansi terkait seperti dinas peternakan, kantor Kecamatan dan balai penyuluhan pertanian.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penelitian tahap Analisa sampel</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">a. Identifikasi jenis hijauan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Sampel yang diperoleh dari istal (kandang kuda) milik responden di pilah-pilah dengan tujuan untuk membedakan antara jenis legume dan gramineae kemudian di identifikasi secara klasifikasi ilmiah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">b. Analisa Komposisi Kimia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.35pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam penelitian ini sampel hijauan pakan kuda yang sudah dikeringkan dan digiling, kemudian di analisis komposisi kimianya di Laboratorium analitik, meliputi Bahan kering, bahan organik dan mineral (Fraksi Ca dan P).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1. Penentuan Bahan Kering Sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dilaksanakan dengan cara mengoven sampel yang sudah digiling sebanyak 1.5 gr. Kemudian di oven pada suhu 105<sup>0</sup>C selama 12 jam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2. Penentuan Bahan Organik Sampel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dilaksanakan dengan cara memanaskan atau membakar sampel dalam tanur pada suhu 400-600<sup>0</sup>C selama 4-6 jam hingga semua bahan organic tidak ada yang tersisa yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya abu yang berwarna putih.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penentuan Mineral Fraksi Ca dan P</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Variabel Yang Diamati</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 35.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Variabel-variabel yang diukur adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jenis hijauan dan legume yang diberikan sebagai pakan kuda cidomo</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Data primer komposisi kimia hijauan pakan kuda cidomo, Meliputi Bahan kering (BK), Bahan Organik (BO), dan kandungan mineralnya (Ca dan P)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Data sekunder mengenai jumlah populasi kuda cidomo.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Analisis Data</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Penelitian ini bersifat Deskriptif dan Analisa data yang digunakan juga secara deskriptif yaitu menghitung nilai rata-rata (Mean).</span></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim. 2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kelas Kuda</i>. </span><a href="http://dunia/"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">http://dunia</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> kuda.blogspot.com. (29 november 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim, 2011a. Horse. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse%20%2801"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse (01</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> Desember 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim. 2011b. Dari Kota Delman, Bemo dan Kota Angkot. </span><a href="http://www.bogornews.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.bogornews.com</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> (02 desember 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim.2011c. Nutrients and Common Feed Sources for Horse. </span><a href="http://www.extension.org/pages/Nutriens_and_common_feed%20sources_for_horse.%20%2801"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.extension.org/pages/Nutriens_and_common_feed sources_for_horse. (01</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> desember 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim, 2011d. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Feeding Management for Horse Owner</i>. </span><a href="http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/horse/as953w.htm%20%2801"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/horse/as953w.htm (01</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> desember 2011)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Chambliss, C. G. and E. L. Jhonson. 2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pastures and Forages Crops for Horses</i>. In: C.G. Chambliss (Ed.). Florida Forage Handbook. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Cheeke, P. R. 1999. Applied Animal Nutrition: Feed and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Feeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>edition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prentice <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hall Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Cunha, T. J., 1991. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Feeding and Nutrition Horse</i>. 2nd Edition. Academic Press Inc. San Diego. California.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Gibbs, P. G. and K. E. Davison. 1992. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares</i>. Texas Agricultural Extension Service. Bull. No. 5025. Texas A&M University, College Station.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Guay, K. A., H. A. Brady, V. G. Allen, K. R. Pond, D. B Wester, L. A. Janecka and N. L. Heningger. 2002. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matua Bromegrass Hay for Mares In Gestation and Lactation</i>. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 2960 - 2966</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hamer. D. 1993. Understanding Fitnes and Training. Ward Lock. London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hamer. D. 1993. Care of the Stable Horse. B.T. Batsford Ltd. London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kacker, R, Panwar B. 1996. Textbook of Equine Husbandry. Vikas publishing House. New Delhi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kidd, J. 1985. International Encyclopedia of Horse Breed. HPBooks Inc. London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Komar, A. 1984. Teknologi pengolahan Pengolahan Jerami sebagai bahan Makanan Ternak. Bandung: Dian Grahita</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">McBane. S. 1994. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Modern Stable Management</i>. Ward Lock. London</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Parakkasi, A. 1988. Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Monogastrik Vol IB. UI Press.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Rukmana, R. 2005. Rumput Unggul Hijauan Makanan Ternak. Kanisius: Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Soeharjono. O. 1990. Kuda. Yayasan Pamulang Equistian Centre. Jakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.5pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Syefrizal. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perawatan Kuda</i>. </span><a href="http://duniakuda.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://duniakuda.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-20914429521259653582012-02-01T23:17:00.001-08:002012-02-01T23:17:59.917-08:00KIMIA DASAR<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TUGAS KIMIA DASAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 17.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">”PROTEIN DAN LEMAK”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:225pt;
height:218.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="LOGO PETERNAKAN"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="291" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="300" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">RYAN ARYADIN PUTRA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">B1B 008 026<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">UNIVERSITAS MATARAM<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2008<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u><span lang="SV">PROTEIN<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">protein merupakan suatu zat makanan yang sangat penting bagi tubuh karena zat ini berfungsi sebagai sumber energi dalam tubuh serta sebagai zat pembangun dn pengatur. Protein adlaah polimer dari asam amino yang dihubungkan dengan ikatan peptida. Molekul protein mengandung unsur-umsur C, H, O, N, P, S, dan terkadang mengandung unsur logam seperti besi dan tembaga (Winarno, 1992).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Protein merupakan suatu polipeptida dengan BM yang sangat bervariasi dari 5000 samapi lebih dari satu juta karena molekul protein yang besar, protein sangat mudah mengalami perubahan fisis dan aktivitas biologisnya. Banyak agensia yang menyebabkan perubahan sifat alamiah dari protein seperti panas, asam, basa, solven organik, garam, logam berat, radiasi sinar radioaktif (Sudarmadji, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Struktur asam amino digambarkan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:1' from="180pt,13.1pt" to="180pt,40.1pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 239px; margin-top: 16px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 1;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV"> H<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: -28.35pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:4' from="135pt,6.9pt" to="171pt,6.9pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 179px; margin-top: 8px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 4;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1028"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:3' from="189pt,7.7pt"
to="225pt,7.7pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 251px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 50px; z-index: 3;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="50" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:2' from="180pt,16.7pt"
to="180pt,43.7pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 38px; left: 0px; margin-left: 239px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 2px; z-index: 2;"><img height="38" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="2" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">H</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2</span><span lang="SV">N C COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV"> R<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV"> (Lehninger, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Apabila asam amino larut dalam air, gugus karboksilat akan melepaskan ion H<sup>+</sup>, sedangkan gugus amina akan menerima ion H<sup>+</sup>, seperti reaksi berikut:</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1"
o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:309pt;height:63.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="85" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="412" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Oleh adanya kedua gugus tersebut asam amino dalam larutan dapat membentuk ion yang bermuatan positif dan juga bermuatan negatif atau disebut juga ion amfoter (zwitterion). Keadaan ion ini sangat tergantung pada pH larutan. Apabila asam amino dalam air ditambah dengan basa, maka asam amino akan terdapat dalam bentuk (I) karena konsentrasi ion OH<sup>-</sup> yang tinggi mampu mengikat ion-ion H<sup>+</sup> pada gugus –NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>. Sebaliknya bila ditambahkan asam ke dalam larutan asam amino, maka konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup> yang tinggi mampu berikatan dengan ion –COO<sup>-</sup> sehingga terbentuk gugus –COOH sehingga asam amino akan terdapat dalam bentuk (II) (Anna Poedjiadi, 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -24.5pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:450pt;height:192.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="257" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="600" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Dalam suatu sistem elektroforesis yang memiliki elektroda positif dan negatif, asam amino akan bergerak menuju elektroda yang berlawanan dengan muatan asam amino yang terdapat dalam larutan. Apabila ion asam amino tidak bergerak ke arah negatif maupun positif dalam suatu sistem elektroforesis maka pH pada saat itu disebut pH isolistrik. Pada pH tersebut terdapat keseimbangan antara bentuk-bentuk asam amino sebagai ion amfoter, anion dan kation (Anna Poedjiadi, 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Gugus karboksil pada asam amino dapat dilepas dengan proses dekarboksilasi dan menghasilkan suatu amina. Gugus amino pada asam amino dapat bereaksi dengan asam nitrit dan melepaskan gas nitrogen yang dapat diukur volumenya. Van Slyke menggunakan reaksi ini untuk menentukan gugus amino bebas pada asam amino, peptida maupun protein. (Anna Poedjiadi, 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Pada dasarnya suatu peptida adalah asil-asam amino, karena gugus –COOH dan –NH<sub>2</sub> membentuk ikatan peptida. Peptida didapatkan dari hidrolisis protein yang tidak sempurna. Apabila peptida yang dihasilkan dihidrolisis lebih lanjut akan dihasilkan asam-asam amino. (Anna Poedjiadi, 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -24.5pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:450pt;height:162pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="216" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="600" /><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Sifat peptida ditentukan oleh gugus –COOH, –NH<sub>2</sub> dan gugus R. Sifat asam dan basa pada peptida ditentukan oleh gugus –COOH dan –NH<sub>2</sub> , namun pada rantai panjang gugus –COOH dan –NH<sub>2</sub> yang terletak diujung rantai tidak lagi berpengaruh. Suatu peptida juga mempunyai titik isolistrik seperti pada asam amino. Reaksi biuret merupakan reaksi warna untuk peptida dan protein. (Anna Poedjiadi, 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Struktur protein dapat dibagi menjadi empat bentuk; primer, sekunder, tersier dan kuartener. Susunan linier asam amino dalam protein merupakan struktur primer. Susunan tersebut akan menentukan sifat dasar protein dan bentuk struktur sekunder serta tersier. Bila protein menandung banyak asam amino dengan gugus hidrofobik, daya kelarutannya kurang dalam air dibandingkan dengan protein yang banyak mengandung asam amino dengan gugus hidrofil. (Winarno, 1992).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 2.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Protein yang terdapat dalam bahan pangan mudah mengalami perubahan-perubahan, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 2.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat terdenaturasi oleh perlakuan pemanasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 2.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat terkoagulasi atau mengendap oleh perlakuan pengasaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 2.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat mengalami dekomposisi atau pemecahan oleh enzim-enzim proteolitik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 2.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV">Dapat bereaksi dengan gula reduksi, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya warna coklat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;"><span lang="SV">Denaturasi protein dapat diartikan suatu perubahan atau modifikasi terhdap struktur sekunder, tersier dan kuartener molekul protein tanpa terjadinya pemecahan ikatan-ikatan kovalen. </span>Karena itu denaturasi dapat diartikan suatu proses terpecahnya ikatan hidrogen, interaksi hidrofobik, ikatan garam dan terbukanya lipatan atau wiru molekul protein. (Winarno, 1992).</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Denaturasi protein <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Denaturasi protein dapat diartikan suatu perubahan atau modifikasi terhadap struktur sekunder, tertier dan kuartener molekul protein tanpa terjadinya pemecahan ikatan-ikatan kovelen. Karena itu, denaturasi dapat diartikan suatu proses terpecahnya ikatan hydrogen, interaksi hidrofobik, ikatan garam dan aterbukanya lipatan atau wiru molekul protein (Winarno, 1992).</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Protein yang terdenaturasi akan berkurang kelarutannya. Lapisan molekul bagian dalam yang ersifat hidrofobik akan keluar sedangkan bagian hidrofilik akan terlipat ke dalam. Pelipatan atau pembakikkan akan terjadi bila protein mendekati pH isoelektris lalu protein akan menggumpal dan mengendap. Viskositas akan bertambah karena molekul mengembang menjadi asimetrik, sudut putaran optis larutan protein juga akan meningkat (Winarno, 1992). </div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Denaturasi protein meliputi gangguan dan kerusakan yang mungkin terjadi pada struktur sekunder dan tersier protein. Sejak diketahui reaksi denaturasi tidak cukup kuat untuk memutuskan ikatan peptida, dimana struktur primer protein tetap sama setelah proses denaturasi. Denaturasi terjadi karena adanya gangguan pada struktur sekunder dan tersier protein. Pada struktur protein tersier terdapat empat jenis interaksi yang membentuk ikatan pada rantai samping seperti; ikatan hidrogen, jembatan garam, ikatan disulfida dan interaksi hidrofobik non polar, yang kemungkinan mengalami gangguan. Denaturasi yang umum ditemui adalah proses presipitasi dan koagulasi protein (Ophart, C.E., 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -26.1pt; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:219pt;
height:222.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="297" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="292" /><!--[endif]--></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">(Ophart, C.E., 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Denaturasi karena Panas:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Panas dapat digunakan untuk mengacaukan ikatan hidrogen dan interaksi hidrofobik non polar. Hal ini terjadi karena suhu tinggi dapat meningkatkan energi kinetik dan menyebabkan molekul penyusun protein bergerak atau bergetar sangat cepat sehingga mengacaukan ikatan molekul tersebut. Protein telur mengalami denaturasi dan terkoagulasi selama pemasakan. Beberapa makanan dimasak untuk mendenaturasi protein yang dikandung supaya memudahkan enzim pencernaan dalam mencerna protein tersebut (Ophart, C.E., 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Pemanasan akan membuat protein bahan terdenaturasi sehingga kemampuan mengikat airnya menurun. Hal ini terjadi karena energi panas akan mengakibatkan terputusnya interaksi non-kovalen yang ada pada struktur alami protein tapi tidak memutuskan ikatan kovalennya yang berupa ikatan peptida. Proses ini biasanya berlangsung pada kisaran suhu yang sempit (Ophart, C.E., 2003).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Alkohol dapat merusak ikatan hidrogen:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Ikatan hidrogen terjadi antara gugus amida dalam struktur sekunder protein. Ikatan hidrogen antar rantai samping terjadi dalam struktur tersier protein dengan kombinasi berbagai asam amino penyusunnya (Ophart, C.E., 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:242.25pt;
height:66pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="88" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="323" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 3.5in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN">(Ophart, C.E., 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Denaturasi karena Asam dan basa:</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;"><span lang="IN">Protein akan mengalami kekeruhan terbesar pada saat mencapai ph isoelektris yaitu ph dimana protein memiliki muatan positif dan negatif yang sama, pada saat inilah protein mengalami denaturasi yang ditandai kekeruhan meningkat dan timbulnya gumpalan. </span>(Anna, P., 1994). Asam dan basa dapat mengacaukan jembatan garam dengan adanya muatan ionik. Sebuah tipe reaksi penggantian dobel terjadi sewaktu ion positif dan negatif di dalam garam berganti pasangan dengan ion positif dan negatif yang berasal dari asam atau basa yang ditambahkan. Reaksi ini terjadi di dalam sistem pencernaan, saat asam lambung mengkoagulasi susu yang dikonsumsi (Ophart, C.E., 2003).</div><div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:255pt;height:63pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="79" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="320" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN">(Ophart, C.E., 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Denaturasi karena Garam logam berat:</span></b><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Garam logam berat mendenaturasi protein sama dengan halnya asam dan basa. Garam logam berat umumnya mengandung Hg<sup>+2</sup>, Pb<sup>+2</sup>, Ag<sup>+1</sup> Tl<sup>+1</sup>, Cd<sup>+2</sup> dan logam lainnya dengan berat atom yang besar. Reaksi yang terjadi antara garam logam berat akan mengakibatkan terbentuknya garam protein-logam yang tidak larut (Ophart, C.E., 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Protein akan mengalami presipitasi bila bereaksi dengan ion logam. Pengendapan oleh ion positif (logam) diperlukan ph larutan diatas pi karena protein bermuatan negatif, pengendapan oleh ion negatif diperlukan ph larutan dibawah pi karena protein bermuatan positif. Ion-ion positif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; Ag<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, Zn<sup>++</sup>, Hg<sup>++</sup>, Fe<sup>++</sup>, Cu<sup>++</sup> dan Pb<sup>++</sup>, sedangkan ion-ion negatif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; ion salisilat, triklorasetat, piktrat, tanat dan sulfosalisilat. (Anna, P., 1994).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Garam logam berat merusak ikatan disulfida:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Logam berat juga merusak ikatan disulfida karena affinitasnya yang tinggi dan kemampuannya untuk menarik sulfur sehingga mengakibatkan denaturasi protein (Ophart, C.E., 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Agen pereduksi merusak ikatan disulfida:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> Ikatan disulfida terbentuk dengan adanya oksidasi gugus sulfhidril pada sistein. Antara rantai protein yang berbeda yang sama-sama memiliki gugus sulfhidril akan membentuk ikatan disulfida kovalen yang sangat kuat. Agen pereduksi dapat memutuskan ikatan disulfida, dimana penambahan atom hidrogen sehingga membentuk gugus tiol; -SH (Ophart, C.E., 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 3.55pt; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:255.75pt;
height:78.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.png"
o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/YOURYN/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="341" /><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.0in; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN">(Ophart, C.E., 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Protein yang terdenaturasi akan berkurang kelarutannya. Lapisan molekul protein bagian dalam yang bersifat hidrofobik akan keluar, sedangkan bagian yang hidrofilik akan terlipat ke dalam. Pelipatan atau pembalikkan terjadi bila larutan protein mendekati pH isoelektris, lalu protein akan menggumpal dan mengendap. Viskositas akan bertambah karena molekul mengembang dan menjadi asimetrik, sudut putaran optis larutan protein juga akan meningkat. Denaturasi protein dapat disebabkan oleh panas, pH, bahan kimia, mekanik dan lain-lain. (Winarno, 1992).</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Protein akan mengalami presipitasi bila bereaksi dengan ion logam. Pengendapan oleh ion positif (logam) diperlukan ph larutan diatas pi karena protein bermuatan negatif, pengendapan oleh ion negatif diperlukan ph larutan dibawah pi karena protein bermuatan positif. Ion-ion positif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; Ag<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, Zn<sup>++</sup>, Hg<sup>++</sup>, Fe<sup>++</sup>, Cu<sup>++</sup> dan Pb<sup>++</sup>, sedangkan ion-ion negatif yang dapat mengendapkan protein adalah; ion salisilat, triklorasetat, piktrat, tanat dan sulfosalisilat. (Anna, P., 1994).</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;">Protein akan mengalami kekeruhan terbesar pada saat mencapai ph isoelektris yaitu pH dimana protein memiliki muatan positif dan negatif yang sama, pada saat inilah protein mengalami denaturasi yang ditandai kekeruhan meningkat dan timbulnya gumpalan. (Anna, P., 1994).</div><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></u></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><u>LEMAK/ LIPID<o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Lipid adalah suatu grup senyawa yang heterogen, tetapi digolongkan bersama terutama karena kesamaan sifat kelarutannya. lipid umumnya tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam pelarut organic seperti etil eter, carbon tetraclorida, benzene, dan petroleum eter. Berat jenisnya lebih rendah dari air, dan keadaan fisiknya berupa cairankental atau padatan lemak. Apabila lipit itu berupa cairan pada suhu ruang, disebut minyak; sedangkan bila berupa padatan pada suhu ruang biasa disebut lemak. akan tetapi seringkali pengertian lemak mencakup keduanya, dan lebih populerdibandingkan penngertian lipid.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Yang tergolong sebagai lipid termasuk bermacam-macam jenis senyawa kimia, yaitu : lemak netral dan lilin, fosfatida, serebrosida, alcohol alipatik, terpen , sterol, dan senyawa-senyawa turunan. hamper semua lemak hewani dan nabati merupakan campuran kompleks dari senyawa senyawa tersebut. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Klasifikasi Lipid adalah seperti berikut :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Trigliserida – ester asam-asam lemak dengan gliserol<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ester asam-asam lemak dengan alcohol berberat molekul tinggi :<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">- Lilin</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">- Ester kolesterol</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">- Ester vitamin A dan D</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Fosfolipid – lipid yang mengandung fosfor<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fosfogliserida</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 89.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fosfatidil Kolin (lisetin)<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 89.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fosfatidil Serin (sepalin)<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 89.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fosfatidil Estanolamin (sepalin)<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 89.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Fosfatidil Inositol<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]-->Fosfosingisid<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 89.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sfingomielin<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Serebroside – Lipid yang mengadung gula<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Galaktolipid</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Glikolipid</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Hidrokarbon<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hidrokarbon alipatik</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Hidrokarbon terpen</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Turunan Lipid</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Asam-asam lemak</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Alcohol</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sterol</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Alcohol alipatik berantai panjang</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vit A</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vit D</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Factor-faktor larut lemak</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vit E</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vit K</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Vit Q (Ubikuinon)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">Sumber utama lemak dari bahan pangan antara lain : minyak goring, margarine, kacang-kacangan dan kelapa, daging, ikan dan susu. fungsi utama lemak bagi tubuh adalah sebagai sumber energy (kalori). selain itu, lemak yang dikonsumsi juga berfungsi sebagai sumber asam-asam lemak esensial (linoleat, linolenat dan arachidonat), dan sebagai pelarut vitamin A D E K.</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><span lang="IN">Anna Poedjiadi, 1994. <i>Dasar-Dasar Biokimia</i>. Penerbit UI-Press: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 3.55pt; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;">Del Valle, F.R. 1981. <i>Nutritional Qualities of Soya Protein as Affected by Processing.</i> JAOCS. 58 : 519</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">Lehninger.A.L, 1995. <i>Dasar-Dasar Biokimia</i>. Erlangga, <st1:city w:st="on">Jakarta</st1:city></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><span lang="IN">Ophart, C.E., 2003. <i>Virtual Chembook</i>. Elmhurst College.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">Muchtadi, 1989. <i>Evaluasi Nilai Gizi Pa</i><i><span lang="SV">ngan. </span></i><span lang="SV">Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jenderal Pendidikan Pusat Antar Universitas Pangan dan Gizi IPB Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">Narasinga, Rao. 1078. <i>Analysis In Vitro methode for Predicting the Bioavailability of Iron From Food.</i> The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><span lang="IN">Sudarmadji, S., Haryono, B., Suhardi, 1996. <i>Analisa Bahan Makanan dan Pertanian.</i> Penerbit Liberty: Yogyakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: 3.55pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 35.75pt; margin-right: -26.1pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: list 35.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.75pt;"><span lang="IN">Winarno, F. G., 1992. <i>Kimia Pangan dan Gizi</i>. Penerbit Gramedia: Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-72587012155118239572012-02-01T23:13:00.000-08:002012-02-01T23:13:49.050-08:00Laporan Industri Pakan Ternak<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Industri pakan ternak merupakan bagian dari suatu mata rantai pada sektor peternakan. Keberhasilan sektor peternakan salah satunya ditentukan oleh ketersediaan pakan ternak. Pakan ternak yang tersedia bukan hanya dari segi kuantitas saja tetapi juga dari segi kualitas. Produsen pakan ternak wajib menghasilkan dan mempertahankan kualitas ransum yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan ternak. Produsen harus menjamin bahwa ransum yang dihasilkan tidak membahayakan kesehatan ternak dan manusia sebagai konsumen produk peternakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Produsen harus menjamin bahwa semua bahan baku telah memenuhi standar kualitas, tidak terdapat benda asing pada bahan baku dan ransum, butiran dan bahan lain mempunyai ukuran dan bentuk yang sesuai, ransum diproduksi sesuai dengan formulasi, pellet dan crumble mempunyai ukuran yang sempurna dan ketahanan yang sesuai dengan standar, tidak terjadi kontaminasi silang antara ransum dengan bahan lain, tidak ada kehilangan vitamin atau bahan baku mikro lainnya, tidak terdapat bahan atau mikroorganisme berbahaya, segregasi yang <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">minimum, pembungkus bersih, rapi dan kualitas ransum sesuai dengan permintaan konsumen. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Langkah awal program penjaminan kualitas ( Quality Assurancel) ialah melalui pengawasan mutu ( Quality Control). Pengawasan mutu dilakukan pada setiap aktivitas dalam menghasilkan produk dimulai dari bahan baku, proses produksi hingga produk akhir. Bahan baku yang digunakan sebagai input dalam industri pakan ternak diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, mempunyai kualitas yang sangat bervariasi. Bervariasinya kualitas bahan baku disebabkan oleh variasi alami ( natural variation), pengolahan (processing), pencampuran ( adulteration) dan penurunan kualitas ( damaging and deterioration) (Khajarern, dkk. 1987). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Variasi alami dan pengolahan bahan baku dapat menyebabkan kandungan zat makanan yang berbeda. Bahan baku sering terkontaminasi atau sengaja dicampur dengan benda-benda asing dapat menurunkan kualitas sehingga perlu dilakukan pengujian secara fisik untuk menentukan kemurnian bahan. Penurunan kualitas bahan baku dapat terjadi karena penanganan, pengolahan atau penyimpanan yang kurang tepat. Kerusakan dapat terjadi karena serangan jamur akibat kadar air yang tinggi, ketengikan dan serangan serangga. Pengawasan mutu bahan baku harus dilakukan secara ketat saat penerimaan dan penyimpanan. Pemilihan dan pemeliharaan kualitas bahan baku menjadi tahap penting dalam menghasilkan ransum yang berkualitas tinggi. Kualitas ransum yang dihasilkan tidak akan lebih baik dari bahan baku penyusunnya (Fairfield, 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Proses produksi pakan ternak merupakan rangkaian aktivitas yang meliputi penggilingan, pencampuran, pelleting dan pengepakan. Bahan baku yang dibeli biasanya terdapat dalam bentuk dan ukuran yang berbeda, untuk menghasilkan ukuran yang seragam diperlukan penggilingan untuk menurunkan ukuran partikel. Homogenitas ukuran dan bentuk bahan baku mempengaruhi hasil pencampuran dan proses pelleting. Pengawasan mutu selama proses produksi mutlak dilakukan karena penggilingan dan pencampuran yang tidak sempurna tidak akan menghasilkan ransum seperti yang diharapkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tujuan dan Kegunaan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tujuan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> </span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui apa itu jenis pakan pellet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Supaya mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan dan mempraktikan langsung langsung bagaimana cara pembuatan pakan bentuk pellet mulai dari penentuan bahan baku, penyusunan ransum sampai dengan rangkaian proses pembuatan pakan pellet.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kegunaan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> </span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kegunaan dari praktikum ini adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">mahasiswa dapat mengetahui apa itu jenis pakan pellet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan dan mempraktikan langsung langsung bagaimana cara pembuatan pakan bentuk pellet mulai dari penentuan bahan baku, penyusunan ransum sampai dengan rangkaian proses pembuatan pakan pellet.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB II</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Industry Makanan Ternak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Keberadaan pakan unggas yang murah sangat penting karena dalam struktur biaya budidaya unggas terutama ayam potong, biaya mencapai persentasi tertinggi dalam biaya mencapai 60 sampai 70%. Penyediaan pakan Indonesia sudah dilakukan dalam industry khususnya untuk pakan unggas. Perkembangan pakan sudah terintegrasi menjadi system agribisnis perunggasan. Hanya saja selama ini perusahaan pabrik pakan ternak masih dikuasai oleh perusahaan multinasional, dengan skala besar dan menguasai seluruh subsistem agribisnis perunggasan dari mulai pembibitan, budidaya, pembuatan pakan, sampai dengan pemasaran. Namun demikian bisnis ini tetap menjanjikan karena selama ini sumber-sumber pakan (jagung) tersebar di masyarakat belum dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh perusahaan besar, dengan demikian masih ada celah untuk mengembangkan pakan ternak skala kecil (5 ton per hari) terutama untuk mamasok kebutuhan lokal. Optimisme pendirian pabrik pakan ternak sangat wajar mengingat (Muttaqin, 2001)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jagung</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jagung (<i>Zea mays</i>) merupakan bahan pakan sumber energi yang paling umum digunakan untuk pakan unggas. Hal ini dikarenakan jagung sangat palatable dan sangat besar kandungan energinya. Nilai energi yang dapat dimetabolis (metabolisable energy, ME) yang terkandung dalam jagung digunakan sebagai standard terhadap bahan pakan sumber energi lain. Di Amerika utara, industri pakan telah diuntungkan dengan terjadinya surplus ketersediaan jagung sebagai akibat mekanisiasi, penerapan genetik, dan teknik agronomis yang diterapkan untuk meningkatkan produktifitas. Namun demikian, hasil jagung per hektar di negara Asia rendah dan produksinya belum pernah mencukupi kebutuhan sejalan dengan meningkatnya populasi manusia. Barangkali hanya Thailand di antara negara-negara Asia yang kemampuan produksinya melebihi dari kebutuhan lokal. Kandungan nutrisi jagung giling (dasar bahan kering) adalah 9,0% PK, 4,0% LK, 2,5 % SK, 1,5% Abu, dan 83% BETN, 0,02% Ca, dan 0,25% P, serta 3,45 kkal/g. Jagung kuning mempunyai kelebihan adanya xanthophil yang memberikan warna kuning pada produk-produk ternak (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2005).<span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Dedak Padi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Produk sampingan dari penggilingan padi (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) adalah dedak Sebenarnya, pada proses penggilingan padi, hasil yang didapatkan selain beras, adalah bekatul padi (sebanyak 2-3%), dedak padi (6-8%), dan sekam (20%). Dedak padi adalah by-product utama yang didapatkan dari proses penggilingan padi. Bekatul, yang dihasilkan dari lapisan bagian dalam biji, lebih banyak penggunaannya dibandingkan dengan dedak. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hal ini karena kadar serat yang dikandungnya lebih rendah dan kandungan ME yang lebih tinggi. Namun demikian, ketersediaan bekatul sangat sedikit karena tidak semua penggilingan padi mengoperasikan mesin penggiling <i>multiple-stage</i> yang memisahkan bekatul dari dedak.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Komposisi kimia dedak padi sangat bervariasi. Variasi yang ada semata-mata disebabkan kontaminasi sekam yang terikut, dan ini biasanya disebabkan oleh jenis mesin penggiling. Dedak kualitas bagus mengandung sekitar 13% PK, 13% lemak, dan 13% serat dan kaya sumber vitamin B dan <i>trace</i> mineral. Nilai ME dedak padi, selain mengandung serat, relatif tinggi. Sementara itu, kandungan lemak yang tinggi harus diperhitungkan, dimana hal ini dapat menyebabkan masalah ransiditas (ketengikan) selama dalam penyimpanan di climat tropis. Dedak padi mengandung enzim lipolytic yang menjadi aktif ketika dedak dipisahkan dari beras dan kandungan asam lemak bebas meningkat dengan cepat.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tabel 1. Komposisi kimia dedak padi yang didapat dari tipe penggilingan padi yang berbeda yang biasa digunakan di Asia (%, dasar bahan kering)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-top: double #8099B3 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double #8099B3 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double #8099B3 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tipe penggiling<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: double #8099B3 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Modern<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Semi-modern<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Traditional<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Protein Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">10,0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">9,0-11,0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">7,3-7,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Serat Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">12,6-12,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">15,4-15,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">29,3-30,9<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Lemak<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">23,4-31,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">19,2-19,7<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">6,6-8,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Abu<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">12,8-14,3<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">14,1-15,0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid #8099B3 1.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">15,5-20,5<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Sumber : </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2005)<span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Bungkil kedelai</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Bungkil kedelai (<i>Glycine max</i>) merupakan legum penting yang ditanam untuk kebutuhan pangan dan minyak tanaman. Walupun tanaman ini telah ditanam di dunia timur untuk beberapa ribu tahun yang lalu dan telah diintroduksikan diAmerika utara kira-kira seabad lalu, ternyata 70% dari produksi dunia berasal dari Amerika. Bungkil biji kedelai mengandung PK 40-48% (bergantung berapa banyak bagian kulit dihilangkan). Dibandingkan dengan bungkil dari bijian yang mengandung minyak, asam amino yang dikandung bungkil kedelai relatif seimbang untuk diek unggas. Kandungan lysin sangat tinggi, demikian juga dengan ketersediaan asam aminonya. Kandungan ME bungkil kedelai berkisar 2,4-2,8 kkal/g.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anti nutrisi yang terkandung dalam bungkil kedelai termasuk protease inhibitor, goitrogenic factor, dan oestrogenic compound. Pemanasan dapat merusak protease inhibitor dan faktor lainnya tidak menunjukkan kendala nutrisi dibawah penggunaan yang normal. Bungkil kedelai yang diproses dengan baik merupakan sumber potein yang sangan baik untuk semua kelas unggas, dengan penggunaan yang tidak terbatas<a href="" name="_Toc514855355"> (</a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Anonim, 2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tepung Ikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Ciri-ciri tepung ikan yang baik kwalitasnya diantaranya adalah secara visual bersih tidak<br />
terkontaminasi oleh kutu atau serangga lain berbau khas seperti ikan kering, berwarna<br />
kuning kecoklatan, kering tidak lembab, tidak bau apek, tengik atau asam. kandungan<br />
tepung ikan yang baik mempunyai kadar proten antara</span><span style="color: #333399; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">55,70%.</span><span style="color: #333399; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5423337270923451378&postID=5746491923571654981"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Top Mix, Mineral Mix</span></b></a><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Top Mix dan Mineral Mix merupakan bahan pakan yang diproduksi oleh pabrik, dimana kandungan gizinya merupakan suatu konsentrasi zat gizi tertentu. Bahan pakan ini biasanya digunakan dalam jumlah sedikit untuk tujuan melengkapi atau mengkoreksi zat gizi yang diperkirakan kurang. Top Mix lebih berorientasi pada kelengkapan asam amino dan vitamin, sementara Mineral Mix berorientasi pada kelengkapan mineral, baik makro mineral maupun mikro mineral (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim, 2005).<span style="color: #1d1b11; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">MATERI DAN METODE PRAKTIKUM <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Materi Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat – alat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun alat yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekop<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesingiling<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin pellet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun bahan yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jagung kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedak padi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepung ikan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak kelapa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Premix<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineral <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MetodePraktikum<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun metode atau tata cara pelaksanaan praktikum ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buatlah formulasi ransum dengan kandungan gizi sesuai kebutuhan ternak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan bahan baku pakan yang akan digunakan. Control kualitas bahan baku secara kualitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Siapkan semua peralatan yang akan digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Giling semua bahan baku terutama yang berbentuk butirandengan mesin giling.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara menggunakan mesin:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Periksa keadaan mesin giling sebelum digunakan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasang ayakan pada mesin dengan ukuran sesuai kebutuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekrup dipasang dan dikencangkan dengan baik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tekan tombol untuk menghidupkan mesin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan bahan yang akan digiling pada cerobong mesin giling sedikit demi sedikit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempatkan hasil penggilinggan pada tempat yang sudah disiapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Timbang masing-masing bahan baku yang sudah digiling sesuai dengan jumlah yang tercantum dalam formulasi ransum. Usahakan menimbang bahan baku yang jumlahnya lebih banyak kemudian diikuti dengan bahan baku yang kebih sedikit bahan baku yang sudah ditimbang dapat diletakkan langsung pada tempat proses pencampuran kecuali bahan baku berupa cairan seperti minyak kelapa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pencampuran. Bahan baku yang sudah ditimbang seperti jagung, tepung ikan ,kedelai, dapat langsung dicampur sedangkan premix mineral atau vitamin sebelum dicampur dengan bahan lain dicampur dengan bahan yang mempunyai sifat karier/pembawa yaitu dedak padi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara mencampur premix dengan dedak:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campur premix dengan dedak perbandingan 1:2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gandakan campuran premix dengan dedak (1:2) dengan dedak sampai dedaknya habis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campur hasil campuran premix dengan campuran bahan baku lainnya sampai homogen<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran dapat dikatakan homogeny apabila tidak ada perbedaan warna atau bahan baku yang satu dengan lainnya dibedakan. Bila menggunakan bahan baku dalam bentuk cair seperti minyak kelapa maka minyak kelapa dapat dicampur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan cara menyemprotkannya pada campuran bahan baku, bila hasil campurannya sudah homogeny, tambahkan secukupnya bahan perekat berupa larutan kanji<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeletan. Bahan baku yang telah mengalami penggilingan, penimbangan, pencampuran, dan pemadatan dimasukkan kedalam mesin pellet untuk dicetak dengan ukuran sesuai dengan yang telah ditentukan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara menggunakanmesin pellet:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cek on disimesin pellet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasang ring mesin pellet sesuai dengan yang diinginkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masukkan bahan yang sudah tercampur homogeny kedalam mesin pellet lewat corong mesin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakan bentuk pellet yang dihasilkan ditampung kemudian dikeringkan sampai kadar airnya10-13%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengemasan. Pakan bentuk pellet yang sudah dikeringkan siap diberikan ternak atau dikemas dalam karung kemudiandijahit. Usahakan hasil pengemasan disimpan pada tempat yang kering<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">TEMPAT DAN TANGGAL PELAKSANAN PRAKTIKUM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Tempat Pelaksanaan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktikum ini dilaksanakan di Lab. Lapangan Teaching Farm, DS. Lingsar Lombok Barat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggal Pelaksanaan Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Praktikum ini dilakukan pada tanggal 25 November 2011 (Pukul 08.00 – Selesai)<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB IV<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hasil dan Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Hasil Praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 2. Susunan Ransum Ayam Pedaging Umur Diatas 3 Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Bahan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Level (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">CP (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ME (kkal/kg ransum)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Calcium (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Posfor (%)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jagung<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">4,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1675<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,14<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dedakpadi<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2,47<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">399<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,01<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,28<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tepung ikan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">250<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,37<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,24<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tepung kedelai<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">7,4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">660<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,05<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,12<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sumber mineral<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Total <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.45pt;" valign="top" width="75"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">100<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">20,27<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.0pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2984<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.05pt;" valign="top" width="103"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1,04<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 81.05pt;" valign="top" width="108"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">0,78<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table diatas adalah table untuk penyusunan 100 kg, sedangkan dalam praktikum ini Ransum yang akan dibuat sebanyak 5 kg,sehingga dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jagung <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 163.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1389700695"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dedak <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 164.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1389700696"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepung Ikan <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 159pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1389700697"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepung Kedelai <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 154.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1389700698"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber mineral <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" o:ole="" style="height: 30.75pt; width: 159pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1389700699"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah selesai proses pemeletan, sampling diambil sebanyak 1 kg dari total 5 kg, setelah dikeringkan dengan menggunakan sinar matahari berat dari pada pellet tersebut mengalami penyusutan menjadi 750 gr. Hal ini terkait dengan hilangnya kandungan air akibat dari pengeringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 3. Analisa Perbedaan Pellet Hasil Praktikum dengan Pellet Komersil. <o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-no-proof: yes;">Variabel Analisis <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pellet komersil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 143.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 205.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Foto0489" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Pellet hasil praktikum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 136.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 167.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="Foto0490" src="file:///C:\Users\YOURYN\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kekerasan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Keras<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sedikit lebih keras<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Warna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kekuningan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Putih keabuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="95"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tekstur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.35pt;" valign="top" width="255"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Lembut<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pembahasan<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelet merupakan bentuk bahan pakan yang dipadatkan sedemikian rupa dari bahan konsentrat atau hijauan dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi sifat keambaan pakan. Patrick dan Schaible (1980) menjelaskan keuntungan pakan bentuk pelet adalah meningkatkan konsumsi dan efisiensi pakan, meningkatkan kadar energi metabolis pakan, membunuh bakteri patogen, menurunkan jumlah pakan yang tercecer, memperpanjang lama penyimpanan, menjamin keseimbangan zat-zat nutrisi pakan dan mencegah oksidasi vitamin. Stevent (1981) menjelaskan lebih lanjut keuntungan pakan bentuk pelet adalah 1) meningkatkan densitas pakan sehingga mengurangi keambaan, mengurangi tempat penyimpanan, menekan biaya transportasi, memudahkan penanganan dan penyajian pakan; 2) densitas yang tinggi akan meningkatkan konsumsi pakan dan mengurangi pakan yang tercecer; 3) mencegah “de-mixing” yaitu peruraian kembali komponen penyusun pelet sehingga konsumsi pakan sesuai dengan kebutuhan standar. Proses pengolahan pelet merujuk pada Pujaningsih (2006) terdiri dari 3 tahap, yaitu pengolahan pendahuluan, pembuatan pelet dan perlakuan akhir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pengolahan Pendahuluan</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses pendahuluan ditujukan untuk pemecahan dan pemisahan bahan-bahan pencemar atau kotoran dari bahan yang akan digunakan. Setelah seluruh bahan baku disiapkan, tahap selanjutnya adalah menggiling bahan baku tersebut. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan ukuran partikel yang seragam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbentuk tepung (mash) (McEllhiary, 1994). Seluruh bahan yang telah digiling, ditimbang dengan menggunakan timbangan duduk. Selanjutnya, bahan–bahan tersebut dicampurkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pembuatan Pelet</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan pelet terdiri dari proses pencetakan, pendinginan dan pengeringan. Perlakuan akhir terdiri dari proses sortasi, pengepakan dan pergudangan. Menurut Pfost (1964), proses penting dalam pembuatan pelet adalah pencampuran (mixing), pengaliran uap (conditioning), pencetakan (extruding) dan pendinginan (cooling).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses kondisioning adalah proses pemanasan dengan uap air pada bahan yang ditujukan untuk gelatinisasi agar terjadi perekatan antar partikel bahan penyusun sehingga penampakan pelet menjadi kompak, durasinya mantap, tekstur dan kekerasannya bagus (Pujaningsih, 2006). Proses kondisioning ditujukan untuk gelatinisasi dan melunakkan bahan agar mempermudah pencetakan. Disamping itu juga bertujuan untuk membuat : (1) Pakan menjadi steril, terbebas dari kuman atau bibit penyakit; (2) Menjadikan pati dari bahan baku yang ada sebagai perekat; (3) Pakan menjadi lebih lunak sehingga ternak mudah mencernanya dan (4) Menciptakan aroma pakan yang lebih merangsang nafsu makan ternak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walker (1984) menjelaskan bahwa selama proses kondisioning terjadi penurunan kandungan bahan kering sampai 20% akibat peningkatan kadar air bahan dan menguapnya sebagia n bahan organik. Proses kondisioning akan optimal bila kadar air bahan berkisar 15 – 18%. Winarno (1997) menjelaskan lebih lanjut bahwa kadar air yang lebih dari 20% akan menurunkan kekentalan larutan gel hasil gelatinisasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efek lain dari proses kondisioning yaitu menguapnya asam lemak rantai pendek, denaturasi protein, kerusakan vitamin bahkan terjadinya reaksi “Maillard”. Reaksi ‘Maillard’ yaitu polimerisasi gula pereduksi dengan asam amino primer membentuk senyawa melanoidin berwarna coklat, proses ini terjadi akibat adanya pemanasan (Muller, 1988). Warna coklat pada bahan ini menurut Muller (1988) menurunkan mutu penampakan warna pelet. Nikersond dan Louis (1978) menambahkan bahwa pemanasan dapat menyebabkan dehidrasi pada gula. Gula yang terdehidrasi membentuk polimer sesama gula yang diikuti oleh gugus amina membentuk senyawa coklat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelatinasi merupakan sumber perekat alami pada proses “pelleting”.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencetakan merupakan tahap pemadatan bentuk melalui alat extruder. Temperatur bahan sebelum masuk ke dalam mesin pencetak sekitar 80°C dengan kelembaban 12–15%. Kelemahan sistem ini adalah diperlukannya tambahan air sebanyak 10 – 20% ke dalam campuran pakan, sehingga diperlukan pengeringan setelah proses pencetakan tersebut. Penambahan air dimaksudkan untuk membuat campuran atau adonan pakan menjadi lunak, sehingga bisa keluar melalui cetakan. Jika dipaksakan tanpa menambahkan air ke dalam campuran, mesin akan macet dan pelet yang keluar dari mesin pencetak biasanya kurang padat (Pujaningsih, 2006).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama proses kondisioning terjadi peningkatan suhu dan kadar air dalam bahan sehingga perlu dilakukan pendinginan dan pengeringan (Walker, 1984). Proses pendinginan (cooling) merupakan proses penurunan temperatur pelet dengan menggunakan aliran udara sehingga pelet menjadi lebih kering dan keras. Proses ini meliputi pendinginan butiran-butiran pelet yang sudah terbentuk, agar kuat dan tidak mudah pecah. Pengeringan dan pendinginan dilakukan pada tahap ini untuk menghindarkan pelet itu dari serangan jamur selama penyimpanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengeringan pada intinya adalah mengeluarkan kandungan air di dalam pakan menjadi kurang dari 14%, sesuai dengan syarat mutu pakan ternak pada umumnya. Proses pengeringan perlu dilakukan apabila pencetakan dilakukan dengan mesin sederhana. Jika pencetakan dilakukan dengan mesin pelet sistem kering, cukup dikering anginkan saja hingga uap panasnya hilang, sehingga pelet menjadi kering dan tidak mudah berubah kembali ke bentuk tepung (Pfost, 1964).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses pengeringan bisa dilakukan dengan penjemuran di bawah terik sinar matahari atau menggunakan mesin. Keduanya memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Penjemuran secara alami tentu sangat tergantung kepada cuaca, higienitas atau kebersihan pakan harus dijaga dengan baik, jangan sampai tercemar debu atau kotoran dan gangguan hewan atau unggas yang dikhawatirkan akan membawa penyakit. Jika alat yang digunakan mesin pengering, tentu akan memerlukan biaya investasi dan biaya operasional yang cukup tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Perlakuan Akhir</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan ukuran pelet disesuaikan dengan jenis ternak. Pujaningsih (2006) melaporkan bahwa diameter pelet untuk sapi perah dan sapi pedaging adalah 1,9 cm (0,75 inci), untuk anak babi 1,5 cm (0,59 inci) dan babi masa pertumbuhan 1,6 cm (0,62 inci), untuk ayam pedaging periode starter dan finisher 1,2 cm (0,48 inci). Garis tengah pelet untuk pakan dengan konsentrasi protein tinggi adalah 1,7 cm (0,67 inci) dan 0,97 cm (0,38 inci) untuk pakan yang mengandung urea.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><b><u><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /> </span></u></b> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">BAB V<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anonim. 2005. Sampling Bahan Pakan dan Control Kualitas. Ayam dan Telur, No. 100 : 59-60<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fairfield D.C. 2003. Purchasing and receiving operation step 1 in feed quality and mill profits. Feed and feeding digest. May 15 Vol. 54 (2).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khajerern. J,. D. Sinchermsiri. A. Hanbunchong. And U. Kanto. 1987. Manual of Feed Microscopy and Quality Control. American Soybean Association. National Renderer Association US Feed Grains Council. Bangkok<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louis. 1978. The Effect of Diet Particle Size on Feed Animal Performance. MF2050. Kansas state University Reseach and Extension. Manhattan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muller. 1988. Microscopy : Fast QA to Characteristics Raw Marerials. Feed International. October 1988 : 28-29.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muttaqin. A. 2001. Teknik Pengendalian KEAMANAN Bahan Baku dan Pakan di PT. Charoen Pokphan Indonesia. Balaraja Feed Mill Co. Ltd. Laporan Magang. Jurusan ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Fakultas Peternakan Intitut Pertanian Bogor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pfost. 1964. Moisture in Feed and Food Product : It Is Not Just Water. Feed Management. September 1964. Vol 54 (7)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walker. 1984. Grain Sampling Prosedures. USDA. GIPSA Tehnical Service Division. Kansas City. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-7088619980060403402011-11-17T03:37:00.001-08:002011-11-17T03:37:21.787-08:00Skripsi S1<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>PENGARUH TINGKAT PROTEIN RANSUM LENGKAP<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>DENGAN SUMBER HIJAUAN DAUN PUCUK TEBU (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) TERHADAP JUMLAH ZAT MAKANAN DAPAT DICERNA <o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>PADA DOMBA PERSILANGAN PRIANGAN vs BARBADOS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>Ryan Aryadin Putra<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>Jurusan Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak <o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Mataram<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>Mataram 2011<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>ABSTRAK<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat protein didalam ransum lengkap yang menggunakan sumber hijauan pakan berupa daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) terhadap jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna (<i>Total Digestible Nutrients</i>) pada domba persilangan Priangan vs Barbados. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen terhadap empat ekor domba betina lepas sapih umur empat bulan dengan bobot badan 17 kg. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Bujur Sangkar Latin 4 x 4, perlakuan yang diuji adalah empat tingkat (15 %, 14 %, 13 %, dan 12 %) protein ransum lengkap. Setiap periode pengumpulan data pengamatan respon dilakukan selama 10 hari, selang waktu pergantian antar perlakuan adalah 7 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkat protein ransum antara 12 – 15 persen memberikan pengaruh terhadap jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna (<i>Total Digestible Nutrients</i>) pada domba persilangan Priangan vs Barbados.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kata Kunci : <i>protein, ransum lengkap, pucuk tebu, jumlah zat makanan dapat <o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><i> dicerna, domba</i>.<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL IN COMPLETE RATION<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>WITH FORAGE SOURCES FROM SUGAR CANE TOP<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>(<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) ON TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>AT PRIANGAN vs BARBADOS CROSS BREED SHEEP<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">The objectives of this research was to study the effect of level protein in complete ration with forage sourses from sugar cane top (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) on the value of Total Digestible Nutrients at Priangan vs Barbados cross breed sheep.This research used four post weaning sheep, the age of sheeps about four month with liveweight are about 17 kg. Experiments design used Latin Square 4 x 4, the treatments were to feed on some level protein i.e ; 15, 14, 13 and 12 percent in complete ration. Collecting data are made a periods of 10 days, with 7 days for adaptation periods. The results indicated that level protein 12 – 15 percent in complete ration was significantly on the value of Total Digestible Nutrients. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Keys words : <i>protein, complete ration, sugar cane top, total digestible nutrients, sheep </i><o:p></o:p></b></div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>BAB I<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Perkembangan populasi dan produktifitas ternak domba hingga saat ini masih jauh dari kondisi ideal yang diharapkan sebagai salah satu jenis ternak penyumbang kecukupan daging secara nasional. Perkembangan populasi dan produktifitasnya seringkali terkendala oleh rendahnya keragaan produksi akibat kualitas genetik yang kurang baik dan sistem pengadaan ransum yang kurang memadai karena berbagai keterbatasan, terutama kondisi klimatologis yang kurang mendukung. Ditinjau dari aspek kesinambungan penyediaan maupun kualitasnya dinilai masih sangat rendah. Padahal kondisi ransum akan berpengaruh langsung terhadap performa produksi domba.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Kondisi genetis domba dan sistem pengadaan ransum merupakan dua hal yang berhubungan dan saling mempengaruhi diantara keduanya, sehingga untuk meningkatkan produksi ternak domba di Indonesia maka kedua aspek tersebut perlu ditangani secara sistematis.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Persilangan pada ternak domba bertujuan untuk menggabungkan dua bangsa ternak kedalam satu bangsa silangan, secara teknis persilangan dilakukan untuk menggabungkan beberapa sifat yang semula terdapat pada dua bangsa yang berbeda kedalam satu bangsa silangan sedemikian rupa sehingga akan mengoptimalkan produktifitas keturunannya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Persilangan antara induk domba Priangan dengan pejantan domba Barbados bertujuan antara lain untuk menghasilkan keturunan yang memiliki tingkat produksi daging yang diperoleh dari sifat domba Barbados karena bangsa domba ini termasuk domba tipe pedaging yang cukup baik, dan daya adaptasi terhadap lingkungan yang diharapkan diturunkan dari domba Priangan sebagai salah satu domba hasil domestikasi di Indonesia, khususnya Jawa Barat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Efektifitas sistem pengadaan ransum ternak ruminan seperti domba, antara lain dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi ketersediaan hijauan pakan akibat perubahan musim. Kekurangan pasokan hijauan pakan pada musim kemarau selalu terjadi dan mengakibatkan penurunan berat badan yang cukup berarti. Pada wilayah dengan sistem pertanian intensif seperti Pulau Jawa dengan pola pertanian yang yang diutamakan pada tanaman pangan menyebabkan terbatasnya lahan yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber penghasil hijauan pakan ternak. Pada wilayah seperti ini, pemanfaatan limbah pertanian tanaman pangan sebagai sumber hijauan pakan seringkali dijumpai. Namun, kualitas hijauan pakan asal limbah pertanian tanaman pangan ini pada umumnya rendah karena kandungan lignoselulosa yang tinggi sebagai akibat umur tanaman yang sudah tua.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Kekurangan pasokan zat makanan dalam ransum akan berpengaruh negatif terhadap penampilan produksi ternak, sehingga pola pemanfaatan hijauan pakan ternak harus dilakukan secara strategis dengan melibatkan teknologi pengolahan, penyimpanan, distribusi dan penyusunan ransum yang efisien sesuai dengan potensi genetic ternak yang diusahakan.</div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>BAB II<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>TINJAUAN PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Pemanfaatan zat makanan yang terkandung dalam ransum lengkap (<i>complete ration</i>) untuk ternak ruminan yang umumnya tersusun dari hijauan pakan dan bahan pakan lain berupa bahan pakan sumber energi, protein, vitamin dan mineral, tergantung pada sifat degradabilitas dan kecernaannya. Ketersediaan substrat hasil degradasi zat makanan didalam rumen akan menentukan tingkat kemampuan sintesis masa mikroba rumen maupun ketersediaan produk fermentasi mikrobial yang pada gilirannya akan dimanfaatkan didalam metabolisme zat makanan didalam tubuh ternak.Menurut Winugroho, dkk (1998) penyusunan ransum lengkap menggunakan hijauan yang ada sebagai bahan utama, kemudian dilengkapi dengan suplementasi nutrien yang kurang dan penambahan bahan pakan aditif seperti probiotik maupun pemacu sintesis enzim akan dapat menjamin kecukupan nutrisi ternak.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Panen tebu yang biasa dilakukan pada musim kering dan menghasilkan produk ikutan berupa daun pucuk tebu dapat memberikan solusi bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan hijauan pakan untuk ternak ruminan disaat musim kemarau dimana produksi hijauan sangat menurun drastis. Nilai manfaat daun pucuk tebu dilihat dari kandungan nutrisinya, relative cukup baik karena hampir sama dengan kandungan nutrisi yang terdapat pada beberapa jenis rumput yang biasa dibeerikan pada ternak ruminan, seprti domba. Menurut Musoffie, dkk (l983) daun pucuk tebu adalah bagian batang tebu berikut lima sampai tujuh helai daun yang dipotong dari tebu giling atau tebu bibit. Pemotongan daun pucuk tebu dilakukan pada tempat kurang lebih 40 cm dibawah sendi segitiga daun paling atas yang nampak. Potensi ketersediaan daun pucuk tebu sebagai hijauan pakan ternak ruminan semakin meningkat dengan bertambah luasnya areal penanaman tebu untuk meningkatkan produksi gula.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penyerapan zat makanan didalam ransum lengkap yang menggunakan sumber hijauan non konvensional berupa daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>), sebagai upaya untuk menjawab kelangkaan sumber hijauan konvensional berupa hijauan segar. Daun pucuk tebu memiliki potensi produksi massa yang cukup tinggi dengan jaminan pasokan yang lebih baik karena ketersediaannya terkait dengan sistem agroindustri yang relatif sudah mapan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut diatas, dirasakan perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk melihat respon domba hasil persilangan (Priangan vs Barbados) terhadap ransum yang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">diberikan dalam bentuk ransum lengkap (<i>complete ration</i>) yang mengandung berbagai tingkat protein dengan menggunakan daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) sebagai pemasok serat pengganti hijauan pakan segar.</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>BAB III<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>MATERI DAN METODE PENELITIAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Materi Penelitian<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>a. Bahan Pakan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Bahan pakan yang akan digunakan untuk menyusun ransum lengkap terdiri dari daun pucuk tebu sebagai satu-satunya sumber hijauan, wheat pollard, ampas kecap, bungkil kelapa, bungkil biji kapuk dan premiks. Semua bahan pakan dapat diperoleh di Unit Makanan Ternak KUD Tamam sari Kecamatan gunung sari Kabupaten Lombok Barat, dengan komposisi zat makanan seperti berikut :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Tabel 1. Komposisi Zat Makanan Bahan Pakan Penyusun Ransum Percobaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 22.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bahan Pakan BK Protein TDN Serat Kasar BETN Ca P </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 32.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 32.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Daun Pucuk Tebu 93,00 5,20 46,00 34,40 50,20 0,47 0,34</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Wheat Pollard 86,00 15,00 71,00 7,70 16,40 0,13 1,38</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ampas Kecap* 76,55 26,24 87,20 13,94 34,52 0,88 0,14</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bungkil Kelapa 86,00 21,60 85,00 12,10 49,70 0,21 0,65</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bungkil Biji Kapuk 86,00 31,70 69,00 24,00 26,70 0,47 0,65</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Premix 99,00 - - - - 50,00 25,00</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Sumber : Hartadi, dkk. 1990., * Sutardi, T. 1983. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <b>Premix</b> mengandung : kalsium karbonat 50%, pospor 25%, mangan 0,35%, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> iodium 0,20%, kalium 0,10%, cuprum 0,15%, sodium 22%, ferrum 0,80%, </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> zink 0,20%, magnesium 0,15% dan khlor 1,05%. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>b. Ransum Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Ransum percobaan yang akan diteliti disajikan dalam bentuk ransum lengkap dengan komposisi bahan pakan pada masing-masing perlakuan seperti disajikan pada Tabel 2. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> Tabel 2. Komposisi Bahan Pakan Dalam Ransum Percobaan (%)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 61.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 61.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Bahan Pakan Ransum Percobaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251656704' from="151.2pt,7.75pt" to="412.2pt,7.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 201px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 350px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="350" /></span><!--[endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> TC 01 TC 02 TC 03 TC 04</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 100.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 100.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Daun Pucuk Tebu 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Wheat Pollard 35,00 40,00 45,00 50,00</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ampas Kecap 25,00 20,00 15,00 5,00</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bungkil Kelapa 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bungkil Biji Kapuk 4,50 4,50 4,50 4,50</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Premix 0,50 0,50 0,50 0,50</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 23.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 23.25pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Jumlah 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Sumber : Hasil Perhitungan. 2004.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">Penyusunan ransum percobaan disesuaikan dengan rekomendasi Church (1984), bahwa kebutuhan zat makanan domba lepas sapih umur empat bulan dengan berat badan 17 kg adalah 0,8 kg bahan kering, 128 g protein, 0,58 kg TDN, 3 g kalsium dan 2 g pospor. Adapun kandungan zat makanan pada ransum percobaan tersebut dicantumkan pada Tabel 3.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Tabel 3. Komposisi Zat Makanan Dalam Ransum Percobaan (%)</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 61.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 61.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Bahan Pakan Ransum Percobaan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1027" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251657728' from="160.2pt,8.75pt" to="412.2pt,8.75pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--> </div><table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="11" width="213"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td></td> <td><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="338" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><o:p> </o:p><br />
<br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> TC 01 TC 02 TC 03 TC 04</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 100.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 100.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 423.0pt;" valign="top" width="564"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Bahan Kering 84,25 85,80 85,90 86,72</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Protein Kasar 15,12 14,11 13,08 12,04</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">TDN 60,38 58,84 58,15 56,35</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Serat Kasar 12,90 13,75 13,35 15,40</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">BETN 25,38 25,51 27,27 26,85</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Kalsium 0,52 0,43 0,71 0,49</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pospor 0,70 0,74 0,78 0,83</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>c. Ternak Percobaan <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Jumlah ternak domba yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah empat ekor, merupakan domba hasil kawin silang antara antara induk betina Priangan dengan pejantan Barbados. Domba berumur empat bulan (lepas sapih) dengan berat badan sekitar 17 kg.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>d. Kandang Metabolik dan Peralatan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Kandang ternak untuk penelitian ini adalah kandang metabolik dengan ukuran masing-masing 80 x 120 cm. Tiap kandang memiliki fasilitas berupa instalasi pemisah feses dan urine, alat penampung feses dan urine, bak makanan dan tempat minum untuk ternak. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Metoda Penelitian </b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>a. Peubah Yang Diukur<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Peubah yang diukur meliputi jumlah protein dapat dicerna yang merupakan selisih antara jumlah konsumsi protein dengan jumlah protein yang ada didalam feses, jumlah lemak dapat dicerna diperoleh dengan cara mengurangi jumlah konsumsi lemak dengan jumlah lemak yang terdapat dalam feses yang diekskresikan dan jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna yang dihitung berdasarkan jumlah total zat makanan yang dapat dicerna dibagi dengan jumlah bahan kering ransum yang dikonsumsi dengan perhitungan seperti dikemukakan oleh Cullison (1978) :</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Jumlah Zat Makanan Dapat Dicerna<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line
id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:251658752'
from="3in,11.4pt" to="387pt,11.4pt"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 287px; margin-top: 14px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 230px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/TOSHIBA/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="230" /></span><!--[endif]-->Jumlah Zat Makanan Dapat Dicerna (%) = x 100<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Jumlah Konsumsi Bahan Kering </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>b. Rancangan Percobaan dan Analisis Statistik<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen menggunakan rancangan Bujur Sangkar Latin (<i>Latin Square Design</i>) dengan empat macam perlakuan ransum berupa ransum lengkap yang mengandung empat macam tingkat protein, yaitu 15 %, 14 %, 13 % dan 12 %. Setiap periode pengumpulan data pengamatan respon dilakukan selama sepuluh hari. Selang waktu pergantian antar perlakuan adalah satu minggu untuk menghilangkan pengaruh perlakuan ransum sebelumnya. Pergantian perlakuan terus dilakukan dengan cara seperti sebelumnya sampai semua domba percobaan mendapat giliran seluruh perlakuan ransum yang diteliti. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap respon percobaan, dilakukan analisis statistik dengan menggunakan uji Sidik Ragam. Perbedaan antar perlakuan dapat diketahui melalui cara pengujian dengan menggunakan uji Jarak Berganda Duncan (Stell dan Torrie, 1988., Vincent Gasversz, 1991).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>BAB IV<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Data pengamatan respon percobaan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) yang mengandung berbagai tingkat protein ditampilkan pada Tabel 4.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Tabel 4. Jumlah Protein, Lemak dan Jumlah Total Zat Makanan Dapat Dicerna</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"> Pada Tiap Ransum Lengkap Dengan Sumber Hijauan Daun Pucuk Tebu </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; width: 575px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> Respon Percobaan</div></td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 178.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="238"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">Kandungan Protein Ransum</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">15 %</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">14 %</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">13 % </div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">12 % </div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1. Jumlah Protein Dapat Dicerna (g/e/hari)</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">76,88</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">78,53</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">64,93</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">63,85</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">a</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">a</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">2. Jumlah Lemak Dapat Dicerna (g/e/hari)</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">171,34</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">180,60</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">195,89</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">205,67</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">a</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">a</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">3. Jumlah Total Zat Makanan Dapat Dicerna (%)</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">49,16</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">44,11</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">42,21</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">44,81</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 252.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">a</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="60"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 43.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="58"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">b</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Keterangan : huruf yang sama kearah baris menunjukkan berbeda tidak nyata </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>Pengaruh Perlakuan Terhadap Jumlah Protein Dapat Dicerna.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Jumlah protein dapat dicerna yang paling banyak ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) yang mengandung protein sebesar 14%, yaitu sebanyak 78,53 g. Sedangkan jumlah protein dapat dicerna paling rendah dicapai oleh perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan kandungan protein sebesar 12 %, penurunan jumlah protein dapat dicerna dari ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein 15 % dengan ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein sebesar 12 % adalah sekitar 16,94 %.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1383060181"> <o:WordFieldCodes>\s</o:WordFieldCodes> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik dapat diketahui bahwa tingkat protein sampai 15 % didalam ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu memberikan pengaruh berbeda nyata terhadap jumlah protein dapat dicerna. Sedangkan perbedaan diantara perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa antara perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu yang mengandung protein 15 % dan 14 % menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata. Demikian juga diantara perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein antara 13 % dan 12 %. Perbedaan yang nyata mulai terlihat antara perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu yang mengandung protein sebesar 13 %. Seperti dikemukakan oleh Edey (1983) bahwa ransum domba sedikitnya harus mengandung 9 persen protein kasar dan untuk mendapatkan pertambahan bobot badan yang baik, ransum tersebut harus mengandung protein kasar antara 10 – 11 persen, sedangkan untuk mendapatkan pertambahan berat badan yang lebih cepat lagi, ransumnya harus mengandung protein kasar minimum 11,8 persen Level protein dalam ransum tidak saja berpengaruh pada kecernaan semu protein, tetapi juga memberikan zat makanan esensil bagi pertumbuhan mikroba dan aktifitasnya dalam rumen. Lebih lanjut dikemukakan oleh (Schneider dan Flatt, 1975) bahwa penambahan protein kedalam ransum juga dapat meningkatkan kecernaan serat kasar ransum. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>Pengaruh Perlakuan Terhadap Jumlah Lemak Dapat Dicerna. <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Jumlah lemak dapat dicerna yang paling tinggi dicapai oleh perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu yang mengandung protein sebesar 12 %. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kandungan protein ransum lengkap maka jumlah lemak dapat dicerna semakin meningkat dan peningkatannya menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> Perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap dengan kandungan protein sebesar 12 % memberikan perbedaan yang tidak nyata terhadap jumlah lemak dapat dicerna dibandingkan dengan ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein 13 %, perbedaan yang nyata terlihat bila dibandingkan dengan perlakuan pemberian ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein sebesar 14 % dan 15 %. Sedangkan pemberian ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein antara 14 % dengan protein 15 % menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata terhadap jumlah lemak dapat dicerna. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b>Pengaruh Perlakuan Terhadap Jumlah Zat Makanan Dapat Dicerna.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Perlakuan ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu yang mengandung protein sebesar 15 % menunjukkan jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna paling tinggi dibandingkan ransum lengkap dengan angka protein 14 %, 13 % dan 12 %. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya peningkatan persentase penggunaan daun pucuk tebu pada tiap ransum lengkap tersebut, sehingga kandungan serat kasar pada ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein 14 %, 13 % dan 12 % meningkat. Peningkatan kandungan serat kasar paling tinggi terjadi pada ransum lengkap dengan kandungan protein 12 %, persentase peningkatan serat kasarnya mencapai 19,37 % dibandingkan dengan ransum yang mengandung protein 15 %. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Hasil uji statitik menunjukkan bahwa ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu yang mengandung protein yang semakin rendah sampai 12 % menghasilkan penurunan jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna yang berbeda nyata, dengan persentase penurunan sebesar 8,85 %. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Penggunaan daun pucuk tebu sebagai sumber serat dalam ransum ternak ruminan masih dapat dilakukan sampai batas tertentu, pembatasan ini perlu dilakukan karena kualitas hijauan pakan asal limbah pertanian tanaman pangan ini pada umumnya rendah karena kandungan lignoselulosa yang tinggi akibat umur tanaman yang sudah tua. Secara keseluruhan kondisi ini akan mengganggu angka kecernaan zat makanan lainnya didalam ransum yang dikonsumsi ternak ruminan, sehingga jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna menjadi rendah. Menurut Ensminger (1991), pakan yang berkualitas tinggi lebih mudah dicerna dan mudah melewati saluran pencernaan daripada pakan yang berkualitas rendah. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Perlakuan ransum lengkap dengan tingkat protein sebesar 15 % menunjukkan perbedaan nyata dengan ransum lainnya yang mengandung protein sebesar 14 %, 13 % dan 12 %. Namun, diantara perlakuan ransum lengkap yang mengandung protein sebesar 14 %, 13 % dan 12 % menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata. Artinya dapat diketahui bahwa ransum lengkap yang menggunakan daun pucuk tebu sebagai sumber hijauan akan menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda nyata pada perbedaan tingkat protein antara 12 % sampai 15 %.</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>BAB V<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>Kesimpulan.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Pemberian ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) yang mengandung protein sebesar 15 persen pada domba hasil persilangan antara induk betina Priangan dengan pejantan Barbados dapat menghasilkan nilai total zat makanan dapat dicerna sebesar 49,16 persen. Penurunan kandungan protein didalam ransum lengkap dari 14 persen sampai 12 persen menghasilkan angka total zat makanan dapat dicerna yang sama.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Saran.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Persentase protein yang dapat digunakan didalam ransum lengkap dengan sumber hijauan daun pucuk tebu (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) untuk menghasilkan jumlah zat makanan dapat dicerna yang paling tinggi pada domba persilangan (Priangan vs Barbados) adalah sebesar 15 %. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Ucapan Terima Kasih<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Lembaga Penelitian yang bertindak sebagai manajemen penyelenggara bagi kegiatan penelitian di lingkungan Universitas Mataram sehingga penulis mendapat kesempatan untuk melaksanakan penelitian ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" /> </span></b> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>BAB VI<o:p></o:p></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Church, D.A. 1984. <i>Livestock Feeds and Feeding. Second Edition</i>. Published and Distributed by O & B Books Inc. Oregon.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Crampton, E.W., and L.E. Harris. 1969. <i>Applied Animal Nutrition.</i> W.H. Freeman and Company, San Fransisco. p 88.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Cullison, E.A. 1978. <i>Feeds and Feeding Animal Nutrition</i>. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi. pp. 41 – 46</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Edey, T.N. 1978. <i>Tropical Sheep and Goat Production</i>. Published by The Australian Universities International Development Program (AUIDP), Canberra. pp. 23 – 40 : 88 – 104.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Ensminger, M.E. 1991<i>. Animal Science. Sixth Edition</i>. The Interstate Printers and Publishers. Illinois. p. 714. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Hartadi, H., R. Reksohadiprodjo., D.A. Tillman, 1990<i>. Komposisi Pakan Untuk Indonesia. Cetakan Kedua</i>. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Kearl, L.C. 1982. <i>Nutrient Requirement of Ruminant in Developing Countries. International Feedstuff.</i> Utah Agric Exp Station. Utah State University, Logan. Utah.84332. USA. p. 55.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Musofie, A., N.K. Wardhani., S. Tedjowahjono. 1981. <i>Penggunaan Pucuk Tebu Pada Sapi Bali Jantan Muda</i>. Proseding Seminar Penelitian Peternakan, Bogor.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Syahrir. 2000. <i>Pemanfaatan Daun Pucuk Tebu Ammoniasi Terhadap Kecernaan Zat Makanan Pada Domba Priangan</i>. Thesis. Pascasarjana. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Schneider, B.H. 1975. <i>The Evaluation Of Feed Throught Digestibility Experiment</i>. The University of Georgia Press. USA. pp 4, 147, 168-169, 252, 261</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Steel, R.G.D., and J.H. Torrie, 1980. <i>Prinsip dan Prosedur Analitis Suatu Pendekatan Biometrika.</i> Edisi Kedua. Penerbit PT. Gramedia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Sutardi. T. 1983. <i>Pengelolaan Tatalaksana Makanan dan Kesehatan Sapi Perah.</i> Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia Cabang Jawa Barat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">Vincent Gasversz. 1991. <i>Analisa Dalam Penelitian Percobaan</i>. Edisi Pertama. Penerbit Tarsito, Bandung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Wardhani, N.K., S. Tedjowahjono., A. Musofie. 1984. <i>Peranan Pucuk Tebu Sebagai Sumber Pakan Sapi Produksi.</i> Proseding Pertemuan Teknis BP3G. Pasuruan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">Winugroho, M., B. Haryanto., K. Maksum. 1998. <i>Konsep Pelestarian Pasokan Hijauan Pakan Dalam Usaha Optimalisasi Produktifitas Ternak Ruminansia</i>. Seminar Pemanfaatan Pakan Lokal. BPTP Lembang. Bandung.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-7119217906847323472011-11-17T03:24:00.000-08:002011-11-17T03:24:22.202-08:00Pemanfaatan Energi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">PEMANFAATAN ENERGI BIOGAS UNTUK MENDUKUNG AGRIBISNIS DI PEDESAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">RYAN ARYADIN PUTRA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN UNIVERSITAS MATARAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: -.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN">Sumber daya energi mempunyai peran yang sangat penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Energi diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan kegiatan industri, jasa, perhubungan dan rumah tangga. Dalam jangka panjang, peran energi akan lebih berkembang khususnya guna mendukung pertumbuhan sektor industri dan kegiatan lain yang terkait. Meskipun Indonesia adalah salah satu negara penghasil minyak dan gas, namun berkurangnya cadangan minyak, penghapusan subsidi menyebabkan harga minyak naik dan kualitas lingkungan menurun akibat penggunaan bahan bakar fosil yang berlebihan. Olah karena itu, pemanfaatan sumber-sumber energi alternatif yang terbarukan dan ramah lingkungan menjadi pilihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Salah satu dari energi terbarukan adalah biogas, biogas memiliki peluang yang besar dalam pengembangannya. Energi biogas dapat diperoleh dari air limbah rumah tangga; kotoran cair dari peternakan ayam, sapi, babi; sampah organik dari pasar; industri makanan dan sebagainya.<span style="color: red;"> </span>Kapasitas terpasang pemanfaatan biogas adalah kurang dari satu persen dari potensi biogas yang ada (685 MW). Dari ternak ruminansia besar saja (sapi perah, sapi potong dan kerbau) dengan populasi 13 680 000 ekor (pada tahun 2004) dan struktur populasi (anak, muda, dewasa) kotoran segar rata-rata 12 kg/ekor/hari, dapat menghasilkan kotoran segar 164 160 000 ton per hari atau setara dengan 8,2 juta liter minyak tanah/ hari [12].<span style="color: red;"> </span>Sejalan dengan pengembangan daerah-daerah sentra peternakan di pedesaan, bahan input produksi biogas menjadi tersentralisir dan ketersediannya terjamin secara kontinyu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain potensi yang besar, pemanfaatan energi biogas dengan <i>digester </i>biogas memiliki banyak keuntungan, yaitu mengurangi efek gas rumah kaca, mengurangi bau yang tidak sedap, mencegah penyebaran penyakit, menghasilkan panas dan daya (mekanis/listrik) serta hasil samping berupa pupuk padat dan cair. Pemanfaatan limbah dengan cara seperti ini secara ekonomi akan sangat kompetitif seiring naiknya harga bahan bakar minyak dan pupuk anorganik. Disamping itu, prinsip <i>zero waste</i> merupakan praktek pertanian yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan [2;8].<span style="color: red;"> </span>Makalah ini memberikan gambaran pemanfaatan teknologi biogas dalam mendukung agribisnis di pedesaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">Pengembangan Teknologi Biogas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam kegiatan DIPA 2005 BBP Mekanisasi Pertanian, telah dilaksanakan kegiatan rekayasa dan pengembangan unit instalasi pemroses biomasa (kotoran sapi) menjadi energi biogas yang berlokasi di Pondok Pesantren Pertanian Darul Fallah, Ciampea, Bogor. Instalasi pemroses biomasa (<i>digester</i>) adalah tipe <i>fixed dome</i> yang dirancang untuk 10 ekor sapi (dengan kotoran sapi 20 kg/hari/ekor dengan <i>retention time</i> 45 hari) maka kapasitas <i>digester</i> adalah 18 m³. Skema pemanfaatan energi biogas dari kotoran sapi adalah seperti pada Gambar 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Produksi gas metana tergantung pada kondisi input (kotoran ternak), residence time, pH, suhu dan <i>toxicity</i>. Suhu digester berkisar 25-27°C menghasilkan biogas dengan kandungan gas metana (CH<sub>4</sub>) sekitar 77%. Berdasarkan perhitungan produksi biogas yaitu 6 m³/hari (untuk rata-rata produksi biogas 30 liter gas/kg kotoran sapi), sedangkan hasil pengukuran tanpa beban menunjukkan laju aliran gas 1,5 m³/jam dengan tekanan 490 mmH<sub>2</sub>O (lebih besar daripada perkiraan). Penggunaan lampu penerangan diperlukan biogas 0.23 m³/jam dengan tekanan 45 mmH<sub>2</sub>O dan untuk kompor gas diperlukan biogas 0.30 m³/jam dengan tekanan 75 mmH<sub>2</sub>O<span style="color: red;"> </span>(Tabel 1)[13].<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 1. Unjuk Kerja Instalasi Biogas<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border-bottom: double 1.5pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: solid 1.0pt; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: double 1.5pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" width="168"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Pemanfaatan Biogas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" width="208"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Referensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" width="208"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Hasil pengukuran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lampu penerangan (m<sup>3</sup>/ jam) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kompor gas (m<sup>3</sup>/ jam)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,11 – 0,15<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">(penerangan setara dengan 60 watt lampu bohlam </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">@</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">100 candle power </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">@</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 620 lumen). Tekanan: 70 </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 85 mmH<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,2 – 0,45<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,3 m<sup>3</sup>/ orang/ hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekanan: 75 </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> 90 mmH<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 156.0pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,15 – 0,3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekanan = 30 – 60 mmH<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">0,2 – 0,4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekanan = 60 – 85 mmH<sub>2</sub>O</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Sumber: [1;2;3;6;8] <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Analisa dampak lingkungan dari lumpur keluaran dari <i>digester</i> menunjukkan penurunan COD sebesar 90% dari kondisi bahan awal dan pebandingan BOD/COD sebesar 0,37 lebih kecil dari kondisi normal limbah cair BOD/COD=0,5. Sedangkan unsur utama N (1,82%), P (0,73%) dan K (0,41%) tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata dibandingkan pupuk kompos (referensi: N (1,45%), P (1,10%) dan K (1,10%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, hasil samping pupuk ini mengandung lebih sedikit bakteri pathogen sehingga aman untuk pemupukan sayuran/buah, terutama untuk konsumsi segar [13].<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br clear="ALL" /> <span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pendapatan yang diperoleh dari instalasi biogas adalah sekitar Rp 600 000,-/ bulan bila dikonversikan dengan harga dan nilai kalori LPG (<i>Liquefied Petroleum Gas</i>). Dengan menggunakan parameter dan analisa kelayakan ekonomi seperti pada Tabel 2 diperoleh B/C Rasio 1,35 yang berarti secara ekonomi investasi tersebut layak. Demikian pula dari hasil analisa <i>simple payback</i> diketahui bahwa modal investasi pembangunan konstruksi digester akan kembali pada tahun ke-4 (umur ekonomi digester: 20 tahun). Hasil pendapatan ini belum termasuk hasil samping berupa pupuk cair/padat [13]. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 1. Pemanfaatan energi biogas dari kotoran sapi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada kegiatan DIPA 2006 (sedang berjalan), pemanfaatan biogas yang dihasilkan direncanakan untuk beberapa kegunaan seperti untuk kemasan tabung dan sumber energi motor penggerak (daya listrik/ mekanis).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel 2<span style="color: blue;">.</span> Parameter dan Hasil Analisa Kelayakan Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: double 1.5pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: solid 1.0pt; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 247.05pt;" valign="top" width="329"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Parameter</span></u><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Biaya investasi, Rp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Biaya operasional dan perawatan, Rp/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pendapatan, Rp/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Keuntungan, Rp/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Umur ekonomi, tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Produksi gas, m<sup>3</sup>/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Produksi gas, m<sup>3</sup>/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Suku Bunga , %/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Hasil Analisa Kelayakan Ekonomi</span></u><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Net Present Worth (NPW), Rp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Net Present Cost (NPC), Rp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Net Present Revenue (NPR), Rp<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">B/C Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Simple Payback, tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Internal Rate Return (IRR), %<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 190.7pt;" valign="top" width="254"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">18 448 000<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">2 767 200<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">7 051 800<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">4 284 600<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">2190<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><br />
</div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">13 555 578<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">39 117 444<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">52 673 023<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">1,35<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">4,3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 48.6pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">23,70<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem Integrasi Ternak dan Tanaman<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Usaha peternakan sapi telah banyak berkembang di Indonesia, namun petani pada umumnya masih memelihara ternak sebagai usaha sambilan atau tabungan, sehingga manajemen pemeliharaannya masih dilakukan secara konvensional. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi petani yaitu belum adanya keterpaduan usaha ternak dengan tanaman. Sehingga jumlah pakan secara memadai terutama pada musim kemarau tidak tersedia. Konsekuensinya banyak petani yang terpaksa menjual ternaknya walaupun dengan harga relatif murah </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">7</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">]</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Upaya mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, petani di beberapa lokasi di Indonesia sejak dulu telah mengembangkan sistem integrasi tanaman ternak (<i>Crops Livestock System</i>, CLS). CLS pada umumnya telah berkembang di daerah dimana terdapat perbedaan nyata antara musim hujan (MH) dan musim kemarau (MK) dengan bulan kering lebih dari 3 bulan berturut-turut </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">]</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengembangan kawasan sistem peternakan pertanian terintegrasi merupakan suatu model yang integratif dan sinergis atau keterkaitan yang saling menguntungkan antara tanaman dan ternak. Petani memanfaatkaan kotoran ternak sebagai bahan biogas, sisa hasil proses biogas yang berupa padatan dan cairan bisa digunakan sebagai pupuk organik untuk tanamannya, kemudian memanfaaatkan limbah pertanian sebagai pakan ternak. Kadar unsur hara dalam pupuk kandang yang berasal dari beberapa jenis ternak adalah seperti pada Tabel 3. Apabila diketahui produksi pupuk kandang per ekor ternak sapi/kerbau sekitar 26 kg/ hari/ekor dan kambing/domba sekitar 1,5 kg/hari/ekor, maka jumlah zat hara yang dihasilkan per tahun dapat diperhitungkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-bottom: 4pt;"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Tabel 3. Kadar N, P dan K dalam Pupuk Kandang dari Beberapa Jenis Ternak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: double 1.5pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: solid 1.0pt; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: double 1.5pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.5pt;" width="190"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jenis Pupuk Kandang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 295.25pt;" width="394"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kandungan (%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">N<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub><o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.45pt;" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">K<sub>2</sub>O<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.5pt;" valign="top" width="190"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kotoran Sapi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kotoran Kuda<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kotoran Kambing<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kotoran Ayam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kotoran Itik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.0<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.4pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.4<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.45pt;" valign="top" width="131"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0.6<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Sumber: </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">[</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">9</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">]</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada model integrasi tanaman ternak, petani mengatasi permasalahan ketersediaan pakan dengan memanfaatkan limbah tanaman seperti jerami padi, jerami jagung, limbah kacang-kacang, dan limbah pertanian lainnya. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Terutama pada musim kering, limbah ini bisa menyediakan pakan berkisar 33,3 persen dari total rumput yang dibutuhkan </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">[</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">]</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">. Kelebihan dari adanya pemanfaatan limbah adalah disamping mampu meningkatan ketahanan pakan khususnya pada musim kering, juga mampu menghemat tenaga kerja dalam kegiatan mencari rumput, sehingga memberi peluang bagi petani untuk meningkatkan jumlah skala pemeliharaan ternak atau bekerja di sektor non pertanian. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Beberapa potensi pakan ternak dari limbah pertanian seperti pada Tabel 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 4.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tabel 4. Potensi Limbah Pertanian Untuk Pakan Ternak<o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-bottom: double 1.5pt; border-color: windowtext; border-left: solid 1.0pt; border-right: solid 1.0pt; border-top: double 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 306.0pt;" width="408"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Komoditas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: double windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.0pt;" width="176"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Potensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 306.0pt;" valign="top" width="408"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:18.65pt;margin-top:-167pt;width:447.5pt;
height:128.25pt;z-index:251657216;mso-wrap-style:none;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical-relative:text;
v-text-anchor:top-baseline' filled="f" fillcolor="#39f" stroked="f"
strokecolor="white"> <v:fill color2="#039"/> <v:shadow color="#463416"/> <v:textbox style='mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'/> <w:wrap side="left"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jagung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bobot daun dibawah tongkol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Bobot brangkasan diatas tongkol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.85pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 35.85pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -17.85pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Tongkol (ratio to product ratio/RPR</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">=</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">0,273)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Padi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Kelapa Sawit (bahan kering dari daun tanpa lidi, pelepah, solid, bungkil, serat perasan dan tandan kosong)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-color-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: double windowtext 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.0pt;" valign="top" width="176"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">2,2 – 2,6 ton/ha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1,3 – 2,0 ton/ha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">1,6 ton/ha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">3,78 – 5,1 ton/ha<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.6pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">10,011 ton/ha/tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Catatan: konsumsi pakan setiap 1 unit ternak (UT) adalah 35% bobot hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sumber: </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9pt;">4;11</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">]</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br clear="ALL" /> <span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem integrasi ternak-tanaman (<i>crop livestock system</i>/CLS) yang diusahakan secara intensif merupakan salah satu contoh populer Sistim Usahatani Intensifikasi Diversivikasi (SUID) </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">[</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">]</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Strategi diversifikasi usaha dalam spektrum luas dapat bermanfaat untuk optimalisasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya maupun untuk mengurangi resiko usaha. Hal ini sangat penting mengingat usaha dibidang pertanian memerlukan jangka waktu tertentu untuk memperoleh hasil dan tingkat resiko yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dalam tataran usahatani keluarga skala kecil, maka usahatani yang akan dikembangkan adalah pola usaha SUID-keluarga, seperti pada Gambar 2.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9pt;">Gambar 2. Kerangka Dasar Usaha SUID-Keluarga<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemanfaatan Energi Biogas untuk Mendukung Agribisnis di Pedesaan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">Dengan integrasi ternak-tanaman, pakan ternak cukup tersedia sehingga waktu yang dicurahkan untuk kegiatan penyediaan pakan ternak menjadi berkurang. Kelebihan waktu tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menambah jumlah ternak maupun bekerja di sektor non pertanian agar pendapatan keluarga bertambah. Dengan pola usaha SUID-keluarga, pemanfaatan energi biogas dari kotoran ternak dapat mendukung agribisnis di pedesaan. Sebagai contoh pada Gambar 3, integrasi ternak sapi dan tanaman jagung dapat menciptakan berbagai aktivitas baru yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, efisiensi dan daya saing produk.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><o:wrapblock><v:shape
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</tbody></table><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]></o:wrapblock><![endif]--><br clear="ALL" /> <span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9pt;">Gambar </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Contoh pemanfaatan energi biogas untuk mendukung agribisnis berbasis jagung.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10pt;">Prospektif Pemanfaatan Energi Biogas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Energi biogas sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan. Beberapa alasannya adalah: pertama, produksi biogas dari kotoran peternakan sapi ditunjang oleh kondisi yang kondusif perkembangan peternakan sapi di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini. Kedua, regulasi di bidang energi seperti kenaikan tarif listrik, kenaikan harga LPG (<i>Liquefied Petroleum Gas</i>), premium, minyak tanah, minyak solar, minyak diesel dan minyak bakar telah mendorong pengembangan sumber energi alternatif yang murah, berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan. Ketiga, kenaikan harga dan kelangkaan pupuk anorganik di pasaran karena distribusi pemasaran yang kurang baik menyebabkan petani berpaling pada penggunaan pupuk organik. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemanfaatan untuk kompor, penerangan, pemanas air dan penggunaan lainnya yang mendukung kegiatan industri kecil di pedesaan. Sedangkan lumpur keluaran dari <i>digester</i> dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pupuk atau dialirkan ke kolam ikan. Pengembangan lebih lanjut dari kegiatan riset ini adalah meliputi pengemasan biogas dalam tabung dan sebagai sumber energi pada motor bakar untuk mengasilkan sumber daya mekanis maupun listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkiraan Dampak</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teknologi biogas dapat dikembangkan dengan input teknologi yang sederhana dengan bahan-bahan yang tersedia di pasaran lokal. Energi biogas juga dapat diperoleh dari air buangan rumah tangga; kotoran cair dari peternakan ayam, babi; sampah organik dari pasar; industri makanan dan sebagainya. Disamping itu, usaha lain yang dapat bersinergi dengan kegiatan ini adalah peternakan cacing untuk pakan ikan/unggas, industri tahu/tempe dapat menghasilkan ampas tahu yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan sapi dan limbah cairnya sebagai bahan input produksi biogas. Industri kecil pendukung juga dapat berkembang, seperti industri bata merah, industri kompor gas, industri lampu penerangan, pemanas air, dsb. Sehingga pengembangan teknologi biogas secara langsung maupun tidak langsung diharapkan dapat menciptakan lapangan kerja baru di pedesaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemanfaatan biogas sebagai sumber energi pada industri kecil berbasis pengolahan hasil pertanian dapat memberikan <i>multiple effect</i> dan dapat menjadi penggerak dinamika pembangunan pedesaan. Selain itu, dapat juga dipergunakan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dengan cara pemberian <i>green labelling</i> pada produk-produk olahan yang di proses dengan menggunaan <i>green energy.</i><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Energi biogas dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dengan cara teringrasi dan penggunaan pada kegiatan-kegiatan yang produktif. Sehingga pemanfaatan energi biogas dapat memberikan dampak yang lebih luas dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, efisiensi serta nilai tambah pada produk. Dengan demikian, melalui kegiatan agribisnis ini diharapkan dapat menciptakan lapangan kerja dan menggairahkan perekonomian di pedesaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anon<sup>1</sup>. 1980. Guidebook on Biogas Development. Energy Resources Development Series No. 21. United Nations: Economic and Social Commission for <st1:place w:st="on">Asia</st1:place> and The Pacific. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Bangkok</st1:city></st1:place>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anon<sup>2</sup>. 1984. Updated Guidebook on Biogas Development - Energy Resources </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Development Series 1984, No. 27, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">United Nations</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anon<sup>3</sup>. 1997</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">. Biogas Utilization. GTZ. <u><a href="http://ww5.gtz.de/gate/techinfo/biogas/appldev/operation/utilizat.html">http://ww5.gtz.de/gate/techinfo/biogas/appldev/operation/utilizat.html</a></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Anon<sup>4</sup>. 2003. Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit dapat Menjadi Basis Pengembangan Sapi potong. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.Vol. 25 No5. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Fagi, A.M., I.G. Ismail dan Kartaatmaja, S. 2004. Evaluasi Pendahuluan Kelembagaan Sistem Usahatani Tanaman-Ternak di beberapa Kabupaten di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Prosiding Lokakarya Sistem dan Kelembagaan Usahatani Tanaman-Ternak. Badan Litbang Pertanian, Jakarta. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Gunnerson, C.G. and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Stuckey</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">D.C.</st1:state></st1:place> 1986. Anaerobic Digestion: Principles and Practices for Biogas System. The World bank <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Washington</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">D.C.</st1:state>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kariyasa, K. 2005. Sistem Integrasi Tanaman Ternak dalam Perspektif Reorientasi Kebijakan Subsidi Pupuk dan Peningkatan Pendapatan Petani. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. Volume 3 No.1, Maret 2005 :68 – 80.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Marchaim, U. 1992. Biogas Processes for Sustainable Development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle <st1:city w:st="on">Terme di Caracalla</st1:city>, <st1:postalcode w:st="on">00100</st1:postalcode> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Rome</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Italy</st1:country-region></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Saleh, E. 1997. Pengembangan Ternak Ruminansia Besar di Daerah Transmigrasi. Jurusan Peternakan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Simatupang, P. 2004. Prima Tani Sebagai Langkah Awal Pengembangan Sistem dan Usaha Agribisnis Industrial. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Sudradjat, R. 2004. The Potential of Biomass Energy resources in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place> for the Possible Development of Clean Technology Process (CTP). International Workshop on Biomass </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">&</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Clean Fossil Fuel Power Plant Technology: Sustainable Energy Development </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">&</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> CDM. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jakarta, January 13-14, 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Syamsuddin, T.R. dan Iskandar,H.H. 2005. Bahan Bakar Alternatif Asal Ternak. Sinar Tani, Edisi 21-27 Desember 2005. No. 3129 Tahun XXXVI.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Widodo, T.W,<b> </b>Asari, A., Nurhasanah,A. and Rahmarestia,E. 2006. Biogas Technology Development for Small Scale Cattle Farm Level in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place>. International Seminar on Development in Biofuel Production and Biomass Technology. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jakarta, February 21-22, 2006 (Non-Presentation Paper).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-4105158446245744932011-11-17T03:19:00.000-08:002011-11-17T03:19:23.076-08:00Terminologi Pakan Ternak<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">BEBERAPA TERMINOLOGI PAKAN TERNAK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Pakan (feed): </span></b><span lang="PT-BR"> bahan yang dapat dimakan dan menyediakan zat makanan untuk ternak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Pangan (food):</span></b><span lang="PT-BR"> bahan yang dapat dimakan dan menyediakan zat makanan pada manusia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="PT-BR">Diet:</span></i></b><b><span lang="PT-BR"> </span></b><span lang="PT-BR">campuran bahan pangan/pakan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan zat makanan untuk manusia/ternak. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Ransum (<i>ration)</i>:</span></b><span lang="FI"> penyediaan pangan/pakan harian<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Bahan pakan (<i>feedstuff</i>): </span></b><span lang="FI">satu atau beberapa macam bahan baik diolah, setengah jadi atau bahan baku, yang bertujuan untuk dibuat menjadi pakan atau diberikan langsung kepada hewan penghasil pangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Bahan pangan (<i>foodstuff</i>)</span></b><span lang="FI"> satu atau beberapa macam bahan baik diolah, setengah jadi atau bahan baku, yang bertujuan untuk dibuat menjadi pangan atau digunakan sebagai pangan/pakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Bahan baku pakan</span></b><span lang="FI"> (<b><i>Feed ingredient</i>):</b> Suatu bagian komponen atau suatu penyusun dari suatu kombinasi atau campuran suatu pakan, mempunyai nilai nutrisi maupun tidak dalam ransum ternak, termasuk imbuhan pakan (<i>feed additives</i>). Bahan (<i>ingredient</i>) berasal dari tanaman, hewan atau hewan air, atau bahan organik atau anorganik lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Imbuhan Pakan (<i>Feed additives</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI"> Setiap bahan yang tidak lajim dikonsumsi hewan sebagai pakan, yang dengan sengaja ditambahkan, memiliki atau tidak memiliki nilai nutrisi, dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik pakan atau produk hewan. (Catatan: <i>bahan tersebut meliputi microorganisme, enzim, pengatur keasaman, mineral, vitamin, dan bahan lain yang termasuk ke dalam cakupan definisi ini, tergantung pada tujuan penggunaan dan cara pemakaiannya)</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Pakan Obat (<i>Medicated feed</i>): </span></b><span lang="FI">Setiap pakan</span><span lang="FI"> yang mengandung obat hewan sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Panduan Prosedur <i>Codex Alimentarius Commission</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Bahan-bahan yang tidak diinginkan/Cemaran </span></b><span lang="FI">(<b><i>undesirable substances</i></b>)<b>: </b>Cemaran-cemaran dan bahan-bahan lain yang terdapat di dalam pakan atau bahan baku pakan yang mengandung resiko terhadap kesehatan konsumen, termasuk keamanan pangan yang terkait dengan isu-isu kesehatan hewan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Nutrisi (<i>nutrition</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI"> secara umum dapat dimaknai sebagai suatu proses yang saling berkaitan dan menyangkut aspek pemilihan, konsumsi bahan pakan, pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrien dalam saluran pencernaan, serta metabolisme nutrien dalam sel tubuh untuk berbagai tujuan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Zat makanan atau nutrien (<i>nutrient</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI"> unsur atau senyawa kimia dalam bahan pangan atau pakan yang dapat menunjang reproduksi, pertumbuhan, laktasi atau kebutuhan hidup pokok. <b>Zat makanan atu nutrient: </b>air, protein dan asam amino, karbohodrat, lemak, vitamin dan unsur inorganik atau mineral (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, I, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Se). Energi yang diperlukan ternak dapat disediakan oleh lemak, karbohidrat dan kerangka karbon asam amino. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Zat makanan esensial atau <i>indispensible</i></span></b><span lang="FI">:</span><span lang="FI"> zat makanan yang diperlukan keberadaannya dalam ransum dan tidak bisa disintesis dalam tubuh dalam jumlah yang mencukupi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Kebutuhan nutrient (<i>nutrient requirement</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI"> jumlah nutrien yang diserap dan dimetabolisme di dalam sel-sel tubuh untuk kelestarian hidup atau keutuhan alat tubuh (kebutuhan hidup pokok) dan untuk memenuhi tujuan-tujuan produksi yang meliputi kebutuhan untuk reproduksi, pertumbuhan, produksi telur, susu, wol atau produksi tenaga tergantung pada jenis ternaknya (kebutuhan produksi). Kebutuhan nutrien untuk hidup pokok merupakan prioritas utama dalam utilisasi nutrien. Kebutuhan nutrien untuk produksi umumnya dapat dipenuhi setelah kebutuhan pokok terpenuhi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Defisiensi nutrien: </span></b><span lang="FI">suatu kondisi<b> </b>ketika jumlah suatu atau beberapa nutrient yang dikonsumsi dan diserap tidak mencukupi kebutuhan sehingga menyebabkan penurunan performans produksi atau timbulnya gejala klinisdan bahkan kematian. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Gizi buruk (<i>malnutrition</i>):</span></b><span lang="FI"> terjadi akibat kekurangan zat makanan seperti <i>marasmus</i> (defisiensi energi, protein dan zat makanan lainnya), kwashiorkior (defisiensi kualitas atau kuantitas protein), rabun ayam (defisiensi vitamin A), gondok (defisensi iodium), anemia (defisiensi Fe, vitamin B12, atau asam folat), <i>white muscle desease</i> (defisiensi Se), kelainan fisik atau cacat fisik (keracunan Hg, Pb, Cu akibat pencemaran lingkungan). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Gizi berlebih:</span></b><span lang="FI"> terjadi akibat kelebihan mengkonsumsi zat makanan seperti kegemukan dengan berbagai resikonya. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="FI">KONSUMSI PAKAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="FI">Proses makan (feeding)</span></b><span lang="FI">: aktivitas yang komplek, yang meliputi mencari makanan, mengamati, pergerakan, aktifitas sensorik, memakan dan mencerna. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Ad libitum : </span></b><span lang="SV">sistem pemberian pakan yang tidak terbatas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Restricted Feeding: </span></b><span lang="SV">sistem pemberian pakan yang terbatas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">CNS (Central Neurvous System)</span></b><span lang="SV"> : sistem syaraf pusat </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Teori Khemostatik: </span></b><span lang="SV">merupakan teori bahwa hewan makan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan nutrien. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Teori Termostatik: </span></b><span lang="SV">terori bahwa hewan makan untuk mempertahankan temperatur tubuhnya. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="SV">SISTEM PENCERNAAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Pencernaan </span></b><span lang="IN">: proses lanjutan dari pengambilan pakan (feed intake) oleh hewan sebagai persiapan untuk proses penyerapan nutrien yang akan dimanfaatkan lebih lanjut oleh sel tubuh </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Karnivora</span></b><span lang="IN">: kelompok hewan pemakan daging (makanan asal hewan), mempunyai gigi taring untuk mencabik makanannya, perutnya tunggal (monogastrik) dan sederhana<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Herbivora</span></b><span lang="IN"> : kelompok hewan pemakan tumbuhanAlat pencernaan herbivora lebih panjang dan lebih kompleks serta telah mengalami modifikasi yang memungkinkan herbivora dapat menggunakan serat (selulosa dan polisakarida lain seperti hemiselulosa) dalam jumlah reletif banyak </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Omnivora: </span></b><span lang="IN"> kelompok hewan yang memiliki berperut tunggal. Alat pencernaannya relatif lebih panjang, lebih kompleks dan cecum-colonnya (usus besar) lebih berkembang karena sebagian pakannya adalah nabati yang mengandung serat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Monogastrik</span></b><span lang="IN">: hewan berperut tunggal dan sederhana. Alat pencernaannya terdiri dari mulut, esophagus, perut, usus halus, usus besar dan rektum. Sistem pencernaannya disebut <i>simple monogastric system</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Poligastrik:</span></b><span lang="IN"> hewan berperut ganda (kompleks) seperti ruminansia sejati (hewan yang mempunyai rumen) yaitu sapi kerbau, kambing, domba, rusa, anoa, antelope dan pseudo-ruminant (onta, llama). Sistem pencernaannya disebut <i>pollygastric system</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Regurgitasi</span></b><span lang="IN">: proses pengelaran bolus makanan yang masih kasar kembali ke mulut untuk remastikasi menjadi dikunyah (mamah biak), biasanya dilakukan ternak ruminasia sambil berbaring </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Pencernaan hidrolitik atau enzimatis</span></b><span lang="IN">: pencernaan yang dilakukan oleh enzim-enzim pencernaan. Pada pencernaan hidrolitik ini polimer dipecah menjadi monomer, misalnya karbohidrat dipecah menjadi glukosa, atau protein dipecah menjadi asam amino. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Pencernaan fermentatif:</span></b><span lang="IN"> Proses pencernaan yang dilakukan atas bantuan mikroba. Pada proses pencernaan fermentatif zat makanan dirombak menjadi senyawa lain yang berbeda sifat kimianya sebagai zat intermediate </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Apparent Digestible Coeficient (ADC) : </span></b><span lang="IN">koefisien cerna semu </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Digestible Coeficient (ADC): </span></b><span lang="IN">koefisien cerna sejati </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">ENERGI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)</span></b><span lang="IN">: asam-asam lemak terbang yang merupakan produk perombakan karbohidrat dan merupakan energi utama untuk ruminansia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Gross Energy (GE) / Energi Bruto (EB):</span></b><span lang="IN"> panas yang dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran dengan bahan makanan dan diukur dengan bobm kalorimeter </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Digestible Energy (DE) / Energi Dapat Dicerna (EDD): </span></b><span lang="IN">energi yang dapat dicerna oleh ternak. ED = GE Pakan? GE Feses </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Metabolizable Energy (ME) / Energi Termetabolismekan : </span></b><span lang="IN">energi yang dapat dimetaboliemekan. Dihitung dengan cara berikut: ME = GE pakan ? Ge feses dan GE urine, atau ME = DE ? GE urine.- GE metan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Heat Increament (HI): </span></b><span lang="IN">panas yang dikeluarkan selama proses perombakan/ metabolime zat makanan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Net Energy (NE)</span></b><span lang="IN"> : Metabilizable Energy ? Heat Increament. ME ? HI </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">PROTEIN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Protein</span></b><span lang="IN"> nutrien yang terdiri dari satu atau lebih ikatan asam amino. Protein ini disebut juga polypeptide sebab beberapa asam amino saling berikatan dalam ikatan peptide. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Biological Value</span></b><span lang="IN">: pengukuran langsung bagian protein yang bisa digunakan oleh hewan untuk mensintesis jaringan tubuh dan senyawa-senyawa lain yang di definisikan sebagai bagian nitrogen yang diabsorpsi oleh hewan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Net Protein Utilization (NPU):</span></b><span lang="IN"> perbedaan antara nitrogen pada karkas ayam yang diberi protein test dan nitrogen karkas pada ayam yang diberi ransum bebas nitrogen. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Protein Retention Efficiency (PRE):</span></b><span lang="IN">Penilaian kualitas protein berdasarkan banyaknya protein yang dibentuk dari protein yang dikonsumsi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN)</span></b><span lang="IN">: nitrogen yang bukan protein, misalnya urea, amonia, amida. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">MINERAL </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Mineral Makro: </span></b><span lang="IN"> mineral yang dibuthkan dalam jumlah banyak, antara lain Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S dan Mg. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Mineral Mikro: </span></b><span lang="IN">mineral yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah sedikit, antara lain Fe, Za, Cu, Mo, Se, I, Mn, Co, Cr, Sn, V, F, Si, Ni dan As. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">VITAMIN </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Vitamin</span></b><span lang="IN"> adalah senyawa organik yang merupakan komponen yang terdapat didalam makanan dengan jumlah sedikit </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Provitamin</span></b><span lang="IN"> adalah senyawa yang tidak termasuk vitamin tetapi dapat diubah menjadi vitamin </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Antivitamin</span></b><span lang="IN"> disebut juga <i>vitamin antagonis</i> atau <i>pseudovitamin</i> yaitu senyawa yang tidak berfungsi sebagai vitamin, tetapi secara kimia berhubungan dengan aktivitas biologi vitamin. <b> </b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">KEBUTUHAN AIR </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Air metabolis: </span></b><span lang="IN"> adalah air hasil oksidasi komponen organik dalam sel </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Water turnover: </span></b><span lang="IN">adalah kecepatan air dikeluarkan dan digantikan dalam jaringan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN">ANTINUTRISI </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN">Phytat</span></b><span lang="IN"> merupakan salah satu non polysaccharida dari dinding tanaman seperti silakat dan oksalat<b> </b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Tannin</span></b><span lang="PT-BR"> adalah senyawa phenolic yang larut dalam air. Dengan berat molekul antara 500 ? 3000,tannin bisa mengendapkan protein dari larutan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Protease inhibitor</span></b><span lang="PT-BR"> adalah senyawa yang bisa menghambat trypsin dan chymotripsin dan umumnya pada tanaman mengandung konsentrasi yang rendah kecuali kedele </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Cyanogenic glycoside,</span></b><span lang="PT-BR"> cyanoglycosida atau cyanogen adalah senyawa yang apabila diperlakukan asam dan diikuti dengan hidrolisis oleh enzim tertentu akan melepaskan hydrogen cyanida (HCN). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="PT-BR">Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP</span></b><span lang="PT-BR">) adalah karbohidrat komplek yang terlihat di endosperm dinding sel dari biji cereal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="SV">Mycotoksin</span></b><span lang="SV"> adalah metabolit sekunder diproduksi oleh jamur yang tumbuh pada kondisi tertentu <b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEDAK PADI</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dedak padi (<em>hu’ut</em> dalam bahasa sunda) merupakan hasil sisa dari penumbukan atau penggilingan gabah padi. Dedak tersusun dari tiga bagian yang masing masing berbeda kandungan zatnya.Ketiga bagian tersebut adalah:</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Kulit gabah yang banyak mengandung serat kasar dan mineral </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Selaput perak yang kaya akan protein dan vitamin B1, juga lemak dan mineral. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Lembaga beras yang sebagian besar terdiri dari karbohidrat yang mudah dicerna. </li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Berhubung dedak merupakan campuran dari ketiga bagian tersebut diatas maka nilai/martabatnya selalu berubah-ubah tergantung dari proporsi bagian-bagian tersebut. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Menurut kelas nilainya, dedak dibagi menjadi empat kelas, yaitu:</div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Dedak Kasar<br />
Adalah kulit gabah halus yang bercampur dengan sedikit pecahan lembaga beras dan daya cernanya relatif rendah.<br />
Analisa kandungan nutrisi: 10.6% air, 4.1% protein, 32.4% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 35.3% serat kasar, 1.6% lemak dan 16% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati 19<br />
Sebenarnya dedak kasar ini sudah tidak termasuk sebagai bahan makanan penguat (konsentrat) sebab kandungan serat kasarnya relatif terlalu tinggi (35.3%) </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Dedak halus biasa<br />
Merupakan hasil sisa dari penumbukan padi secara tradisional (disebut juga dedak kampung). Dedak halus biasa ini banyak mengandung komponen kulit gabah, juga selaput perak dan pecahan lembaga beras. Kadar serat kasarnya masih cukup tinggi akan tetapi sudah termasuk dalam golongan konsentrat karena kadar serat kasar dibawah 18%. Martabat Pati nya termasuk rendah dan hanya sebagian kecil saja yang dapat dicerna.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 16.2% air, 9.5% protein, 43.8% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 16.4% serat kasar, 3.3% lemak dan 10.8% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati (MP) nya 53 </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Dedak lunteh<br />
Merupakan hasil ikutan dari pengasahan/pemutihan beras (slep atau <em>polishing</em> beras). Dari semua macam dedak, dedak inilah yang banyak mengandung protein dan vitamin B1 karena sebagian besar terdiri dari selaput perak dan bahan lembaga, dan hanya sedikit mengandung kulit. Di beberapa tempat dedak ini disebut juga dedak murni.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 15.9% air, 15.3% protein, 42.8% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 8.1% serat kasar, 8.5% lemak, 9.4% abu serta nilai MP adalah 67. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Bekatul<br />
Merupakan hasil sisa ikutan dari pabrik pengolahan khususnya bagian asah/slep/<em>polish</em>. Lebih sedikit mengandung selaput perak dan kulit serta lebih sedikit mengandung vitamin B1, tetapi banyak bercampur dengan pecahan-pecahan kecil lembaga beras (menir). Oleh sebab itu masih dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan manusia sehingga agak sukar didapat.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 15% air, 14.5% protein, 48.7% lemak dan 7.0% abu serta nilai MP adalah 70. </li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam perdagangan harus cukup teliti dan waspada karena dedak sering dipalsukan dengan mencampur kulit gabah (dedak kasar) yang telah digiling halus ke dalam dedak halus, lunteh atau bekatul.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEDAK JAGUNG<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dedak jagung merupakan hasil sisa ikutan dari penggilingan jagung yang banyak terdapat di daerah-daerah yang makanan pokok dari penduduknya adalah jagung, seperti Madura dan daerah industri dan pertanian Jagung lainnya. Dedak jagung sangat baik diberikan pada ternak hanya cara penyimpanannya yang agak sukar karena bersifat higroskopis sehingga mudah menjadi lembab sehingga cepat rusak.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 9.9% air, 9.8% protein, 61.8% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 9.8 serat kasar, 6.4% lemak dan 2.3% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati (MP) adalah 68.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BUNGKIL KELAPA<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Karena (setidaknya ketika jurnal ini dibuat) minyak kelapa menduduki tempat pertama dalam memenuhi kebutuhan manusia akan minyak goreng, bungkil kelapa sangat mudah didapatkan. Harganya pun jauh lebih murah bila dibandingkan dengan bungkil kacang tanah. Kadar proteinnya paling rendah diantara bungkil-bungkil yang lain, namun nilai martabat makanannya cukup tinggi karena zat-zat yang dikandung bungkil kelapa mudah dicerna.<br />
Yang disebut bungkil kelapa ini biasanya adalah hasil sisa dari pembuatan dan ekstraksi minyak kelapa yang didapat dari daging kelapa yang telah dikeringkan terlebih dahulu.<br />
Sangat baik diberikan pada sapi perah sebab dapat meningkatkan kadar lemak susu sehingga meningkatkan kualitas susu. Pemberiannya tergantung pada berat badannya yaitu antara 1.5 - 2.5 kg/ekor/hari. Sedangkan untuk babi antara 0.75 - 1.5kg/ekor/hari. Baik pula diberikan pada ayam dengan pemberian sampai +/- 25%.<br />
Untuk kuda juga dapat diberikan hanya dalam jumlah sedikit dan dicampur dengan gabah atau dedak, sebab apabila terlalu banyak dapat menyebabkan diare.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 11.6% air, 18.7% protein, 45.5% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 8.8% serat kasar, 9.6% lemak dan 5.8% abu serta nilai Martabat Pati (MP) 81.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BUNGKIL KACANG TANAH</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bungkil ini sekarang mudah didapat karena sudah banyak pabrik-pabrik minyak kacang, baik pabrik modern maupun yang masih sederhana. Kadar proteinnya paling tinggi diantara bungkil bungkil yang lain yang umum digunakan.<br />
Baik untuk digunakan sebagai komposisi dalam ransum konsentrat untuk sapi, babi dan ayam. Hanya perlu dibatasi jumlah pemberiannya karena kadar lemaknya yang cukup tinggi dan harganya relatif mahal.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 6.6% air, 42.7% protein, 27% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 8.9% serat kasar, 8.5% lemak dan 6.3% abu serta nilai MP adalah 80.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>ONGGOK</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Merupakan hasil sisa dalam pembuatan tepung kanji. Dapat diberikan pada ternak sapi dan babi sebagai komposisi ransumnya. Ampas ketela pohon ini berguna sebagai sumber karbohidrat untuk stimulasi dalam pembuatan silase.<br />
Analisa nutrisi: 18.3% air, 0.8% protein, 78% bahan ekstrak tanpa N, 2.2% serat kasar, 0.2% lemak dan 2.5% abu serta nilai MP adalah 76.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DAFTAR ISTILAH LAIN</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Angka Manfaat</strong>: angka persentasi yang menunjukkan perbandingan antara energi netto dengan energi zat-zat makanan yang dapat dicerna dari bahan makanan yang bersangkutan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abu</strong>: Zat-zat mineral yang ditentukan dengan membakar makanan (zat organik).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bahan Ekstrak Tanpa Nitrogen (BETN)</strong>: Bagian dari bahan makanan yang mengandung karbohidrat, gula dan pati.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bahan Kering (BK)</strong>: Berat konstan bahan makakan setelah dihilangkan kandungan airnya dengan pemanasan 105 derajat celcius.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Daya Cerna</strong>: Persentase makanan yang dimakan dibanding denagn yang dikeluarkan sebagai faeces/tinja.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Bruto</strong>: Semua panas yang bebas pada pembakaran, panas ini dihasilkan dari suatu makanan yang seluruhnya dibakar sehingga menghasilkan zat-zat terakhir seperti CO2, H2O, dan gas lain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">E<strong>nergi Dapat Dicerna (Digestible Energy)</strong>: Nilai energi bruto bahan makanan dikurangi zat-zat yang tidak dapat dicerna (energi dalam faeces).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Netto</strong>: Energi tersedia dikurang energi thermis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Energi Thermis</strong>: Energi yang dipergunakan untuk pengunyahan dan proses pencernaan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Imbangan Protein (IP)</strong>: Imbangan antara protein yang dapat dicerna dengan zat-zat makanan lainnya yang dapat dicerna dalam ransum.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kalori (cal)</strong>: Jumlah panas yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 1 gram/ 1 kg air dari 14.5 derajat celcius menjadi 15.5 derajat celcius.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Makanan Penguat (konsentrat)</strong>: Bahan makanan yang tinggi kadar zat-zat makanan seperti protein atau karbohidrat dan rendahnya kadar serat kasar (dibawah 18%)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Martabat Pati (MP)</strong>: Angka yang menunjukkan jumlah pati (dalam satuan kg) yang sama besar dayanya dengan 100kg bahan makanan/ransum dalam membentuk lemak yang sama banyaknya dalam tubuh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Metabolisme Energi (ME)</strong>: Nilai energi yang terhimpun pada zat-zat yang dapat dicerna dikurangi nilai energi yang keluar sebagai air kencing (urine) dan gas-gas usus.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Protein</strong>: Bagian bahan makanan yang mengandung persenyawaan nitrogen yang disusun oleh asam-asam amino esensial dan non-esensial.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Protein Dapat Dicerna (Pdd)</strong>: Bagian protein dalam bahan makanan ternak yang dapat dicerna atau diserap dalam tubuh.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ransum</strong>: Campuran dari berbagai macam bahan makanan, sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan hidup ternak baik dalam jumlah maupun kualitasnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Serat Kasar</strong>: Bagian dari bahan makanan yang sulit dicerna.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN)</strong>: Semua zat makanan (yang terkandung dalam bahan makanan yang dapat dicerna, seperti protein, karbohidrat, serat kasar dan lemak.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Zat Makanan</strong>: Zat yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk kelangsungan hidup tumbuh dan berproduksi, merupakan salah satu dari berbagai hasil akhir pencernaan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-34685081735380851672011-11-17T03:15:00.000-08:002011-11-17T03:15:21.107-08:00Pakan Ternak<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><strong>PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ternak-ternak dipelihara untuk dimanfaatkan tenaga/diambil hasilnya dengan cara mengembangbiakkannya sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan para petani. Agar ternak peliharaan tumbuh sehat dan kuat, sangat diperlukan pemberian pakan. Pakan memiliki peranan penting bagi ternak, baik untuk pertumbuhan ternak muda maupun untuk mempertahankan hidup dan menghasilkan produk (susu, anak, daging) serta tenaga bagi ternak dewasa. Fungsi lain dari pakan adalah untuk memelihara daya tahan tubuh dan kesehatan. Agar ternak tumbuh sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, jenis pakan yang diberikan pada ternak harus bermutu baik dan dalam jumlah cukup. Pakan yang sering diberikan pada ternak kerja antara lain berupa: hijauan dan konsentrat (makanan penguat).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong>J E N I <st1:place w:st="on">S<span style="font-weight: normal;"> PAKAN</span></st1:place></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. <b>Hijauan Segar<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Hijauan segar adalah semua bahan pakan yang diberikan kepada ternak dalam bentuk segar, baik yang dipotong terlebih dahulu (oleh manusia) maupun yang tidak (disengut langsung oleh ternak). Hijauan segar umumnya terdiri atas daun-daunan yang berasal dari rumput-rumputan, tanaman bijibijian/ jenis kacang-kacangan.Rumput-rumputan merupakan hijauan segar yang sangat disukai ternak, mudah diperoleh karena memiliki kemampuan tumbuh tinggi, terutama di daerah tropis meskipun sering dipotong/disengut langsung oleh ternak sehingga menguntungkan para peternak/pengelola ternak. Hijauan banyak mengandung karbohidrat dalam bentuk gula sederhana, pati dan fruktosa yang sangat berperan dalam menghasilkan energi. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>a. Rumput-rumputan<br />
</b>Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum), rumput Benggala (Penicum maximum), rumput Setaria (Setaria sphacelata), rumput Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens), rumput Mexico (Euchlena mexicana) dan rumput lapangan yang tumbuh secara liar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>b. Kacang-kacangan.<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Kacang-kacangan: lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), stylo (Sty-losantes guyanensis), centro (Centrocema pubescens), Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium muconoides dan jenis kacang-kacangan lain.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>c. Daun-daunan</b>:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> Daun nangka, daun pisang, daun turi, daun petai cina dll.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>2.</b> <b>Jerami dan hijauan kering<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Termasuk kedalam kelompok ini adalah semua jenis jerami dan hijauan pakan ternak yang sudah dipotong dan dikeringkan. Kandungan serat kasarnya lebih dari 18% (jerami, hay dan kulit biji kacang-kacangan).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>3. Silase</b><br />
Silase adalah hijauan pakan ternak yang disimpan dalam bentuk segar biasanya berasal dari tanaman sebangsa padi-padian dan rumput-rumputan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">4. <b>Konsentrat (pakan penguat)<br />
</b>Contoh: dedak padi, jagung giling, bungkil kelapa, garam dan mineral.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong>MANFAAT</strong><b> PAKAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>1. Sumber energi<br />
</b>Termasuk dalam golongan ini adalah semua bahan pakan ternak yang kandungan protein kasarnya kurang dari 20%, dengan konsentrasi serat kasar di bawah 18%. Berdasarkan jenisnya, bahan pakan sumber energi<br />
dibedakan menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu: </div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok serealia/biji-bijian (jagung, gandum, sorgum)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok hasil sampingan serealia (limbah penggilingan)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok umbi (ketela rambat, ketela pohon dan hasil sampingannya)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok hijauan yang terdiri dari beberapa macam rumput (rumput gajah, rumput benggala dan rumput setaria).</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>2. Sumber protein<br />
</b>Golongan bahan pakan ini meliputi semua bahan pakan ternak yang mempunyai kandungan protein minimal 20% (berasal dari hewan/tanaman).<br />
Golongan ini dibedakan menjadi 3 kelompok: </div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok hijauan sebagai sisa hasil pertanian yang terdiri atas jenis daun-daunan sebagai hasil sampingan (daun nangka, daun pisang, daun ketela rambat, ganggang dan bungkil)</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok hijauan yang sengaja ditanam, misalnya lamtoro, turi kaliandra, gamal dan sentero</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kelompok bahan yang dihasilkan dari hewan (tepung ikan, tepung tulang dan sebagainya).</li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>3.</b> <b>Sumber Vitamin dan Mineral<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Hampir semua bahan pakan ternak, baik yang berasal dari tanaman maupun hewan, mengandung beberapa vitamin dan mineral dengan konsentrasi sangat bervariasi tergantung pada tingkat pemanenan, umur, pengolahan, penyimpanan, jenis dan bagian-bagiannya (biji, daun dan batang). Disamping itu beberapa perlakuan seperti pemanasan, oksidasi dan penyimpanan terhadap bahan pakan akan mempengaruhi konsentrasi kandungan vitamin dan mineralnya.Saat ini bahan-bahan pakan sebagai sumber vitamin dan mineral sudah tersedia di pasaran bebas yang dikemas khusus dalam rupa bahan olahan yang siap digunakan sebagai campuran pakan, misalnya premix, kapur, Ca2PO4 dan beberapa mineral.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><strong>KEBUTUHAN DAN KONSUMSI PAKAN<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>Kebutuhan Pakan.<o:p></o:p></strong></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Kebutuhan ternak terhadap pakan dicerminkan oleh kebutuhannya terhadap nutrisi. Jumlah kebutuhan nutrisi setiap harinya sangat bergantung pada jenis ternak, umur, fase (pertumbuhan, dewasa, bunting, menyusui), kondisi tubuh (normal, sakit) dan lingkungan tempat hidupnya (temperatur, kelembaban nisbi udara) serta bobot badannya. Maka, setiap ekor ternak yang berbeda kondisinya membutuhkan pakan yang berbeda pula.Rekomendasi yang diberikan oleh Badan Penelitian Internasional (National Research Council) mengenai standardisasi kebutuhan ternak terhadap pakan dinyatakan dengan angka-angka kebutuhan nutrisi ternak ruminansia. Rekomendasi tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai patokan untuk menentukan kebutuhan nutrisi ternak ruminansia, yang</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">akan dipenuhi oleh bahan-bahan pakan yang sesuai/bahan-bahan pakan yang mudah diperoleh di lapangan.</div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify;"><strong>Konsumsi Pakan <o:p></o:p></strong></li>
</ol></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ternak ruminansia yang normal (tidak dalam keadaan sakit/sedang berproduksi), mengkonsumsi pakan dalam jumlah yang terbatas sesuai dengan kebutuhannya untuk mencukupi hidup pokok. Kemudian sejalan dengan pertumbuhan, perkembangan kondisi serta tingkat produksi yang dihasilkannya, konsumsi pakannya pun akan meningkat pula.Tinggi rendah konsumsi pakan pada ternak ruminansia sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal (lingkungan) dan faktor internal (kondisi ternak itu sendiri). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>a.</b> <b>Temperatur Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ternak ruminansia dalam kehidupannya menghendaki temperatur lingkungan yang sesuai dengan kehidupannya, baik dalam keadaan sedang berproduksi maupun tidak. Kondisi lingkungan tersebut sangat bervariasi dan erat kaitannya dengan kondisi ternak yang bersangkutan yang meliputi jenis ternak, umur, tingkat kegemukan, bobot badan, keadaan penutup tubuh (kulit, bulu), tingkat produksi dan tingkat kehilangan panas tubuhnya akibat pengaruh lingkungan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Apabila terjadi perubahan kondisi lingkungan hidupnya, maka akan terjadi pula perubahan konsumsi pakannya. Konsumsi pakan ternak biasanya menurun sejalan dengan kenaikan temperatur lingkungan. Makin tinggi temperatur lingkungan hidupnya, maka tubuh ternak akan terjadi kelebihan panas, sehingga kebutuhan terhadap pakan akan turun. Sebaliknya, pada temperatur lingkungan yang lebih rendah, ternak akan membutuhkan pakan karena ternak membutuhkan tambahan panas. Pengaturan panas tubuh dan pembuangannya pada keadaan kelebihan panas dilakukan ternak dengancara radiasi, konduksi, konveksi dan evaporasi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>b</b>. <b>Palatabilitas<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Palatabilitas merupakan sifat performansi bahan-bahan pakan sebagai akibat dari keadaan fisik dan kimiawi yang dimiliki oleh bahan-bahan pakan yang dicerminkan oleh organoleptiknya seperti kenampakan, bau, rasa (hambar, asin, manis, pahit), tekstur dan temperaturnya. Hal inilah yang menumbuhkan daya tarik dan merangsang ternak untuk mengkonsumsinya.<br />
Ternak ruminansia lebih menyukai pakan rasa manis dan hambar daripada asin/pahit. Mereka juga lebih menyukai rumput segar bertekstur baik dan mengandung unsur nitrogen (N) dan fosfor (P) lebih tinggi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>c.</b> <b>Selera</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Selera sangat bersifat internal, tetapi erat kaitannya dengan keadaan “lapar”. Pada ternak ruminansia, selera merangsang pusat saraf (hyphotalamus) yang menstimulasi keadaan lapar. Ternak akan berusaha mengatasi kondisi ini dengan cara mengkonsumsi pakan. Dalam hal ini, kadang-kadang terjadi kelebihan konsumsi (overat) yang membahayakan ternak itu sendiri.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>d. Status fisiologi</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Status fisiologi ternak ruminansia seperti umur, jenis kelamin, kondisi tubuh (misalnya bunting atau dalam keadaan sakit) sangat mempengaruhi konsumsi pakannya</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>e. Konsentrasi Nutrisi<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Konsentrasi nutrisi yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi pakan adalah konsentrasi energi yang terkandung di dalam pakan. Konsentrasi energi pakan ini berbanding terbalik dengan tingkat konsumsinya. Makin tinggi konsentrasi energi di dalam pakan, maka jumlah konsumsinya akan menurun. Sebaliknya, konsumsi pakan akan meningkat jika konsentrasi energi yang dikandung pakan rendah</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>f. Bentuk Pakan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ternak ruminansia lebih menyukai pakan bentuk butiran (hijauan yang dibuat pellet atau dipotong) daripada hijauan yang diberikan seutuhnya. Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan ukuran partikel yang lebih mudah dikonsumsi dan dicerna. Oleh karena itu, rumput yang diberikan sebaiknya dipotong-potong menjadi partikel yang lebih kecil dengan ukuran 3-5 cm.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>g. Bobot Tubuh<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Bobot tubuh ternak berbanding lurus dengan tingkat konsumsi pakannya. Makin tinggi bobot tubuh, makin tinggi pula tingkat konsumsi terhadap pakan. Meskipun demikian, kita perlu mengetahui satuan keseragaman berat badan ternak yang sangat bervariasi. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengestimasi berat badannya, kemudian dikonversikan menjadi “berat badan metabolis” yang merupakan bobot tubuh ternak tersebut. Berat badan ternak dapat diketahui dengan alat timbang. Dalam praktek di lapangan, berat badan ternak dapat diukur dengan cara mengukur panjang<br />
badan dan lingkar dadanya. Kemudian berat badan diukur dengan menggunakan formula:Berat badan = Panjang badan (inci) x Lingkar Dada2 (inci) / 661 Berat badan metabolis (bobot tubuh) dapat dihitung dengan cara meningkatkan berat badan dengan nilai 0,75Berat Badan Metabolis = (Berat Badan)0,75</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>h. Produksi<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Ternak ruminansia, produksi dapat berupa pertambahan berat badan (ternak potong), air susu (ternak perah), tenaga (ternak kerja) atau kulit dan bulu/wol. Makin tinggi produk yang dihasilkan, makin tinggi pula kebutuhannya terhadap pakan. Apabila jumlah pakan yang dikonsumsi (disediakan) lebih rendah daripada kebutuhannya, ternak akan kehilangan berat badannya (terutama selama masa puncak produksi) di samping performansi produksinya tidak optimal.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong>Kandungan Nutrisi Pakan Ternak.<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Setiap bahan pakan atau pakan ternak, baik yang sengaja kita berikan kepada ternak maupun yang diperolehnya sendiri, mengandung unsur-unsur nutrisi yang konsentrasinya sangat bervariasi, tergantung pada jenis, macam dan keadaan bahan pakan tersebut yang secara kompak akan mempengaruhi tekstur dan strukturnya. Unsur nutrisi yang terkandung di dalam bahan pakan secara umum terdiri atas air, mineral, protein, lemak, karbohidrat dan vitamin. Setelah dikonsumsi oleh ternak, setiap unsur nutrisi berperan sesuai dengan fungsinya terhadap tubuh ternak untuk mempertahankan hidup dan berproduksi secara normal. Unsur-unsur nutrisi tersebut dapat diketahui melalui proses analisis terhadap bahan pakan yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Analisis itu dikenal dengan istilah “analisis proksimat”.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><strong>PEMBUATAN PAKAN TERNAK<o:p></o:p></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">1<b>. Macam-Macam Silo</b><br />
Silo dapat dibuat dengan berbagai macam bentuk tergantung pada lokasi, kapasitas, bahan yang digunakan dan luas areal yang tersedia. Beberapa silo yang sudah dikenal adalah </div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Pit Silo: silo yang dirancang berbentuk silindris (seperti sumur) dan di bangun di dalam tanah.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Trech Silo: silo yang dibangun berupa parit dengan struktur membentuk huruf V.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Fench Silo: silo yang bentuknya menyerupai pagar atau sekat yang terbuat dari bambu atau kayu.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Tower Silo: silo yang dirancang membentuk sebuah menara menjulang ke atas yang bagian atasnya tertutup rapat.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Box Silo: silo yang rancangannya berbentuk seperti kotak.</li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>2. Cara Memformulasi Pakan<br />
</b>Dalam memformulasikan penyusunan ransum atau pakan, perlu menggunakan Tabel Patokan Kebutuhan Nutrisi. Sebagai contoh kebutuhan nutrisi dalam penyusunan ransum bagi sapi perah adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
Sapi perah betina muda berat 350 kg, satu setengah bulan menjelang eranak(melahirkan pada umur 36 bulan), membutuhkan pakan dengan kandungan nutrisi sebagai berikut: </div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Kebutuhan hidup pokok dan reproduksi : Bahan Kering=6,4 Kg, ME=13 Mcal, <br />
Protein=570 gram, Mineral=37 kg.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Laktasi I :<br />
ahan Kering=1,0 Kg, ME=2,02 Mcal, Protein=93,6 gram, Mineral=5 kg.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;">Sehingga jumlah Bahan Kering=7,4 kg, ME=15,02 kg, Protein=663,6 gram, Mineral=42 gram.</li>
</ol><div style="line-height: 150%;">Dari kebutuhan nutrisi tersebut, kebutuhan pakannya dapat diformulasikan dengan suatu metode. Misalnya bahan-bahan pakan yang tersedia adalah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dari kebutuhan nutrisi tersebut, kebutuhan pakannya dapat diformulasikan dengan suatu metode. Misalnya bahan-bahan pakan yang tersedia adalah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Rumput gajah:<br />
Bahan Kering=16%, ME=0,33 Mcal, Protein=1,8 gram%BK, Mineral=2,5 gram%BK</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Rumput Kedele:<br />
Bahan Kering=93,5%, ME=3,44 Mcal, Protein=44,9 gram%BK, Mineral=6,3 gram%BK</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bungkil kelapa:<br />
Bahan Kering=86%, ME=2,86 Mcal, Protein=18,6 gram%BK, Mineral=5,5 gram%BK</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Rumput gajah akan digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan kering sebanyak 80%<br />
= 80/100X7,4 kg = 5,92 kg BK.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Maka kandungan protein yang sudah dapat dipenuhi rumput adalah: sebanyak<br />
= 1,8/100 X 5,92 kg = 106,56 gram protein.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan:<br />
Bahan kering = 7,4 - 5,92 kg = 1,48 kg<br />
Protein = (663,6 - 106,56) gram = 557,04 kg atau 557,04/1480 X 100% = 37,64%.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Bungkil kedelai akan memenuhi kekurangan tersebut sejumlah:<br />
19,04/26,3 X 1,48 kg = 1,07 kg BK.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Bungkil kelapa akan memenuhi kekurangan tersebut sejumlah:<br />
7,26/26,3 X 1,48 kg = 0,41 kg BK.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Jadi, jumlah bahan pakan segar yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ternak dengan kondisi tersebut di atas adalah:<br />
Rumput gajah = 5,92 X 100/16 kg = 37 kg<br />
Bungkil kedelai = 1,07 X 100/93,5 kg = 1,14 kg<br />
Bungkil kelapa = 0,41 X 100/86 kg = 0,48 kg.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>TEKNOLOGI PAKAN<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b> </b>Teknologi pakan ternak ruminansia meliputi kegiatan pengolahan bahan pakan yang bertujuan meningkatkan kualitas nutrisi, meningkatkan daya cerna dan memperpanjang masa simpan. Sering juga dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengubah limbah pertanian yang kurang berguna menjadi produk yang berdaya guna.Pengolahan bahan pakan yang dilakukan secara fisik (pemotongan rumput sebelum diberikan pada ternak) akan memberi kemudahan bagi ternak yang mengkonsumsinya. Pengolahan secara kimiawi (dengan menambah beberapa bahan kimia pada bahan pakan agar dinding sel tanaman yang semula berstruktur sangat keras berubah menjadi lunak sehingga memudahkan mikroba yang hidup di dalam rumen untuk mencernanya. </div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Banyak teknik pengolahan telah dilakukan di negara-negara beriklim subtropis dan tropis, akan tetapi sering menyebabkan pakan menjadi tidak ekonomis dan masih memerlukan teknik-teknik untuk memodifikasinya, terutama dalam penerapannya di tingkat peternak.Beberapa teknik pengolahan bahan pakan yang mudah dilakukan di lapangan adalah:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 9.0pt left 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.</b><!--[endif]--><b>Pembuatan Hay<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">Hay adalah tanaman hijauan pakan ternak, berupa rumputrumputan/ leguminosa yang disimpan dalam bentuk kering berkadar air: 20-30%. Pembuatan Hay bertujuan untuk menyeragamkan waktu panen agar tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan pada periode berikutnya, sebab tanaman yang seragam akan memilik daya cerna yang lebih tinggi. Tujuan khusus pembuatan Hay adalah agar tanaman hijauan (pada waktu panen yang berlebihan) dapat disimpan untuk jangka waktu tertentu sehingga dapat mengatasi kesulitan dalam mendapatkan pakan hijauan pada musim kemarau.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ada</st1:place></st1:city> 2 metode pembuatan Hay yang dapat diterapkan yaitu:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>a. Metode Hamparan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Merupakan metode sederhana, dilakukan dengan cara meghamparkan hijauan yang sudah dipotong di lapangan terbuka di bawah sinar matahari. Setiap hari hamparan di balik-balik hingga kering. Hay yang dibuat dengan cara ini biasanya memiliki kadar air: 20 - 30% (tanda: warna kecoklat-coklatan).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>b. Metode Pod <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dilakukan dengan menggunakan semacam rak sebagai tempat menyimpan hijauan yang telah dijemur selama 1 - 3 hari (kadar air ±50%). Hijauan yang akan diolah harus dipanen saat menjelang berbunga (berkadar protein tinggi, serat kasar dan kandungan air optimal), sehingga hay yang diperoleh tidak berjamur (tidak berwarna “gosong”) yang akan menyebabkan turunnya palatabilitas dan kualitas.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>2. Pembuatan Silase<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Silase adalah bahan pakan ternak berupa hijauan (rumput-rumputan atau leguminosa) yang disimpan dalam bentuk segar mengalami proses ensilase. Pembuatan silase bertujuan mengatasi kekurangan pakan di musim kemarau atau ketika penggembalaan ternak tidak mungkin dilakukan. Prinsip utama pembuatan silase:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) menghentikan pernafasan dan penguapan sel-sel tanaman.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) mengubah karbohidrat menjadi asam laktat melalui proses fermentasi kedap<br />
udara.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) menahan aktivitas enzim dan bakteri pembusuk.Pembuatan silase pada temperatur 27-35 derajat C., menghasilkan kualitas yang sangat baik. Hal tersebut dapat diketahui secara organoleptik, yakni:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">a) mempunyai tekstur segar</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">b) berwarna kehijau-hijauan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">c) tidak berbau</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">d) disukai ternak</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">e) tidak berjamur</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">f) tidak menggumpal</div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Beberapa metode dalam pembuatan silase: </div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>1. Metode Pemotongan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%;">Hijauan dipotong-potong dahulu, ukuran 3-5 cm<br />
- Dimasukkan kedalam lubang galian (silo) beralas plastik<br />
- Tumpukan hijauan dipadatkan (diinjak-injak)<br />
- Tutup dengan plastik dan tanah</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 9.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Metoode Pencampuran<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">Hijauan dicampur bahan lain dahulu sebelum dipadatkan (bertujuan untuk mempercepat fermentasi, mencegah tumbuh jamur dan bakteri pembusuk, meningkatkan tekanan osmosis sel-sel hijauan. Bahan campuran dapat berupa: asam-asam organik (asam formiat, asam sulfat, asam klorida, asam propionat), molases/tetes, garam, dedak padi, menir /onggok dengan dosis per ton hijauan sebagai berikut:</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">- asam organik: 4-6kg,</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;"> - molases/tetes: 40kg</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">- garam : 30kg </div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">- dedak padi: 40kg</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">- menir: 35kg</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">- onggok: 30kg</div><div style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify;">Pemberian bahan tambahan tersebut harus dilakukan secara merata ke seluruh hijauan yang akan diproses. Apabila menggunakan molases/tetes lakukan secara bertahap dengan perbandingan 2 bagian pada tumpukan hijauan di lapisan bawah, 3 bagian pada lapisan tengah dan 5 bagian pada lapisan atas agar terjadi pencampuran yang merata.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Metode Pelayuan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;">Hijauan dilayukan dahulu selama 2 hari (kandungan bahan kering<br />
40% - 50%)</div><div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 9.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
- Lakukan seperti metode pemotongan<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>3. Amoniasi<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Amoniasi merupakan proses perlakuan terhadap bahan pakan limbah pertanian (jerami) dengan penambahan bahan kimia: kaustik soda (NaOH), sodium hidroksida (KOH) atau urea (CO(NH2) 2. Proses amoniasi dapat menggunakan urea sebagai bahan kimia agar biayanya murah serta untuk menghindari polusi. Jumlah urea yang diperlukan dalam proses amoniasi: 4 kg/100 kg jerami. Bahan lain yang ditambahkan yaitu : air sebagai pelarut (1 liter air/1 kg jerami).</div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><b>4. Pakan Pemacu<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">Merupakan sejenis pakan yang berperan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan dan peningkatan populasi mikroba di dalam rumen, sehingga dapat merangsang penambahan jumlah konsumsi serat kasar yang akan meningkatkan produksi. Molases sebagai bahan dasar pakan pemacu merupakan bahan pakan yang dapat difermentasi dan mengandung beberapa mineral penting. Dapat memperbaiki formula menjadi lebih kompak, mengandung energi cukup tinggi sehingga dapat meningkatkan palatabilitas serta citarasa. Urea merupakan bahan pakan sumber nitrogen yang dapat difermentasi. Setiap kilogram urea mempunyai nilai yang setara dengan 2,88 kg protein kasar (6,25X46%). Dalam proporsi tertentu mempunyai dampak positif terhadap peningkatan konsumsi serat kasar dan daya cerna.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Proses Pembuatan</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Dilakukan dalam suasana hangat dan bertahap</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Molases (29% dari total formula) dipanaskan pada suhu ± 50 derajat C.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Buat campuran I (tapioka 16%, dedak padi 18%, bungkil kedelai 13%).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Buat campuran II (urea: 5%, kapur 4%, garam 9%).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Buat campuran III (tepung tulang 5% dan mineral 1%).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Buat campuran IV dari campuran I, II, III yang diaduk merata.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Masukkan campuran IV sedikit sedikit ke dalam molases, diaduk hingga<br />
merata (±15 menit).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Masukkan dalam mangkok/cetakan kayu beralas plastik dan padatkan.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Simpan di tempat teduh dan kering.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Kualitas Nutrisi<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Hasil analisis proksimat, pakan pamacu yang dibuat dengan formulasi tersebut mempunyai nilai nutrisi sebagai berikut: Energi 1856 Kcal, protein 24%, kalsium 2,83% dan fosfor 0,5%.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Jumlah dan Metode Pemberian<o:p></o:p></b></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pemberian pakan pamacu dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi amonia dalam rumen dari (60-100) mgr/liter menjadi 150-250 mgr/liter. Jumlah pemberian pakan pemacu disesuaikan dengan jenis dan berat badan ternak. Untuk ternak ruminansia kecil (domba/kambing) maksimum 4 gram untuk setiap berat badan. Untuk ternak ruminansia besar (sapi) 2 gram untuk setiap berat badan dan 3,8 gram untuk kerbau. Pemberian pakan pemacu sangat cocok bagi ternak ruminansia yang digembalakan dan diberi sisa tanaman pangan seperti jerami atau bahan pakan berkadar protein rendah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>5. Pakan Penguat<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Pakan penguat atau konsentrat yang berbentuk seperti tepung adalah sejenis pakan komplet yang dibuat khusus untuk meningkatkan produksi dan berperan sebagai penguat. Mudah dicerna, karena terbuat dari campuran beberapa bahan pakan sumber energi (biji-bijian, sumber protein jenis bungkil, kacang-kacangan, vitamin dan mineral). Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pembuatan pakan penguat: </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">1. Ketersediaan Harga Satuan Bahan Pakan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Beberapa bahan pakan mudah diperoleh di suatu daerah, dengan harga bervariasi, sedang di beberapa daerah lain sulit didapat. Harga perunit bahan pakan sangat berbeda antara satu daerah dan daerah lain, sehingga keseragaman harga per unit nutrisi (bukan harga per unit berat) perlu dihitung terlebih dahulu.+</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">2. Standar kualitas Pakan Penguat</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
Kualitas pakan penguat dinyatakan dengan nilai nutrisi yang dikandungnya terutama kandungan energi dan potein. Sebagai pedoman, setiap Kg pakan penguat harus mengandung minimal 2500 Kcal energi dan 17% protein, serat kasar 12%.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">3. Metode dan Teknik Pembuatan</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Metode formulasi untuk pakan penguat adalah metode simultan, metode segiempat bertingkat, metode aljabar, metode konstan kontrol, metode ekuasi atau metode grafik</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">4. Prosedur Memformulasi </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Buat daftar bahan pakan yang akan digunakan, kandungan nutrisinya (energi, potein), harga per unit berat, harga per unit energi dan harga per unit protein</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Tentukan standar kualitas nutrisi pakan penguat yang akan dibuat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Memformulasi, dilakukan pada form formulasi</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Tentukan sebanyak 2% (pada kolom %) bahan pakan sebagai sumber vitamin dan mineral</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Tentukan sebanyak 30% bahan pakan yang mempunyai kandungan energi lebih tinggi daripada kandungan energi pakan penguat, tetapi harga per unit energinya yang paling murah (dapat digunakan lebih dari 1 macam bahan pakan).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Jumlahkan (% bahan, Kcal energi, % protein dan harganya), maka 50% formula sudah diperoleh</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">- Lakukan pengecekan kualitas dengan membandingkan kualitas nutrisi %0% formula dengan kualitas nutrisi 50% pakan penguat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-23853176453137373182011-05-16T07:22:00.000-07:002011-05-16T07:22:17.474-07:00Memilih Ternak Yang Sehat<b>MEMILIH HEWAN YANG SEHAT</b><br />
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Pengetahuan dalam memilih hewan yang sehat sangat penting terutama bagi masyarakat yang akan membeli langsung hewan kurban dari penjualnya. Hewan dapat dipilih berdasarkan hasil judging. Judging adalah penilaian tingkatan ternak dengan beberapa karakteristik penting untuk tujuan tertentu secara subjektif. Judging terdiri atas tiga langkah yaitu, penilaian melalui kecermatan pandangan (visual), penilaian melalui kecermatan perabaan (palpasi), dan penilaian melalui pengukuran tubuh.<br />
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Ternak yang sehat dapat dipilih dengan melakukan penilaian melalui pandangan dari samping, belakang, dan depan atas ternak tersebut. Untuk mengetahui bahwa ternak dalam kondisi sehat, maka perlu perlu diketahui karakteristik ternak yang sehat. Karakteristik tersebut meliputi, keadaan mata dan kulitnya normal, pergerakannya tidak kaku, tingkah laku dan nafsu makan normal, pengeluaran kotoran dan urine tidak sulit, tidak ada gangguan dalam berjalan dan berdiri, serta memiliki respirasi dan sirkulasi darah yang normal.<br />
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Ternak (sapi) yang sehat memiliki kulit yang lentur dan mudah dilipat. Jika kulit ternak ditarik dan dijepit kemudian lipatan tidak menghilang, maka ternak tersebut kehilangan cairan. Keadaan ini terjadi pada ternak yang terserang diare. Mata, mulut, dan hidung ternak yang terdapat lendir berlebihan menunjukkan ternak tersebut dalam keadaan sakit. Cara ternak berjalan dan berdiri dapat menjadi abnormal ketika ada bagian tubuh yang sakit. Jika kuku ternak terinfeksi, maka ternak tersebut akan terlihat pincang.<br />
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Kotoran dan urine harus keluar secara teratur, tidak berdarah, dan memiliki kepadatan normal. Jika kotoran keluar dalam keadaan cair dan menempel di sekitar ekor, maka ternak tersebut terkena diare. Rambut yang tumbuh di sekitar kulit harus tumbuh normal, halus, dan bercahaya. Ternak yang terkena anemia akan memiliki rambut yang kasar, kering, dan terjadi kerontokan. Kasus seperti ini akan terlihat pula pada ternak yang terinfeksi dan mengalami defisiensi nutrisi.<br />
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Selanjutnya, penilaian dapat dilakukan dengan pengamatan tulang-tulang rusuk (ribs) untuk memilih ternak yang gemuk. Ternak kurus tidak selalu dalam keadaan sakit, namun ternak yang gemuk menandakan produksi daging yang optimal. Tulang rusuk sapi berjumlah 13 buah. Semakin sedikit tulang rusuk yang membayang di balik kulit, maka ternak tersebut semakin gemuk. Hal ini terjadi karena tulang rusuk tertutup oleh perdagingan dan lemak.<br />
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Setelah melakukan penilaian secara visual, ternak yang akan dijadikan hewan kurban dapat dinilai dengan melakukan perabaan dan pemeriksaan dengan tangan. Ternak yang sehat memiliki sirkulasi darah yang normal. Tekanan ventrikel jantung menyebabkan darah melalui arteri. Tekanan jantung dapat dirasakan dengan meletakkan tangan pada daerah jantung. Detak jantung dapat diperiksa dengan mengukur tingkat pulsa ternak dalam satu menit. Pulsa ternak dapat dirasakan dengan menekan secara lunak jari telunjuk dan jari tengah pada arteri yang berada dekat dengan permukaan kulit. Sapi memiliki pulsa sebanyak 60 hingga 70 dan domba sebanyak 60 hingga 70. Tingkat pulsa akan meningkat jika ternak dalam keadaan demam.<br />
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Ternak yang sehat akan melakukan respirasi secara ritmik dan tenang. Tingkat respirasi dapat diketahui dengan mendekatkan telapak tangan di depan hidung ternak dengan menghitung jumlah penarikan nafas dalam satu menit. Tingkat respirasi sapi sebanyak 10 hingga 30 dan domba 10 hingga 20. Ternak yang sakit dan berada dalam temperatur tinggi akan memiliki tingkat respirasi yang tinggi.<br />
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Kegemukan ternak (sapi) dapat diketahui dengan meraba perkembangan otot di antara tulang processus spinosus (tulang belakang) dengan processus transversus (tulang rusuk rudimenter). Pada ternak yang gemuk, processus transversus tidak dapat teraba oleh tangan dan terasa sekali perlemakan yang tebal di balik kulit. Pada domba yang tertutup rambut tebal, perabaan dilakukan dengan tangan terbuka pada punggung dari arah belakang dekat pangkal ekor sampai ke leher dengan jarak perabaan tidak lebih dari 5 cm.<br />
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Apabila memungkinkan, ternak untuk hewan kurban dapat dinilai dengan mengukur berbagai ukuran-ukuran tubuh seperti, panjang badan, lingkar dada, tinggi pundak, lebar dada, dan dalam dada. Ukuran yang penting dalam mengetahui kegemukan dan berat tubuh ternak tersebut adalah lingkar dada dan panjang badan. Lingkar dada diukur melingkar di belakang sendi bahu (os. scapula). <br />
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Umur ternak dapat diketahui dengan melihat keadaan gigi seri (incicors). Jika ternak memiliki satu pasang gigi seri permanen, maka ternak tersebut berumur 1-1,5 tahun untuk domba dan 1,5-2 tahun untuk sapi.<br />
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Jika semua faktor tadi telah dipertimbangkan dan dilakukan dengan baik, maka akan diperoleh hewan kurban yang sehat dan aman. Sebelum dikonsumsi, daging hewan kurban harus melalui proses pemanasan dan pemasakan sempurna untuk menghindari penularan penyakit yang ada dalam daging. Hari Raya Iduladha merupakan saat yang tepat untuk kembali meningkatkan konsumsi protein hewani dan melakukan sistem kesehatan hewan yang terpadu.<br />
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Kesehatan hewan harus dipandang sebagai bagian dari kesehatan masyarakat. Penyediaan bahan pangan asal hewan bagi masyarakat harus memenuhi standar kesehatan. Kesehatan hewan merupakan faktor penting dalam pembangunan subsektor peternakan secara umum yang dituntut untuk selalu menghasilkan keluaran yang aman bagi konsumen. Sistem kesehatan hewan harus dibangun dengan mengubah pendekatan penyakit hewan (animal disease approach) menjadi pendekatan kesehatan hewan (animal health approach) secara utuh.Ryan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-171013057912044589.post-12034534929668227722011-05-16T07:14:00.001-07:002011-05-16T07:14:31.672-07:00CIRI-CIRI SAPI PERAH UNGGULCIRI SAPI PERAH UNGGUL<br />
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Memilih ternak sapi perah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memilih bibit yang ideal. Cara yang umum dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pengamatan pada kondisi dan postur tubuh sapi. Pengamatan yang dilakukan ini harus didasari oleh : pengetahuan, ketrampilan, rasa percaya diri serta komunikasi dengan sesama praktisi.<br />
Oleh sebab itu, untuk menilai ternak diantaranya harus mengenal bagian-bagian dari tubuh sapi serta konformasi tubuh yang ideal. Ternak yang dinilai harus sehat dan baik sesuai dengan jenis bangsanya, bagus ukuran tubuhnya, seluruh bagian tubuh harus berpadu dengan rata, harus feminin dan tidak kasar. Dengan demikian, maka kita dapat menentukan perbandingan antara kondisi sapi yang ideal dengan kondisi sapi yang akan kita nilai. Bagian-bagian tubuh sapi yang mendekati kondisi ideal dapat menunjang produksi yang akan dihasilkannya. Kondisi bagian-bagian tubuh tersebut diantaranya:<br />
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Kepala : Kepala harus atraktif dengan lubang hidung yang besar. Hal ini dapat menggambarkan tentang banyaknya pakan yang bisa dikonsumsi serta udara yang bisa dihirup melalui nafasnya. Mata harus tajam dan telinga berukuran sedang. Umumnya kepala harus halus dan lebih menunjukkan karakteristik ternak perah daripada ternak potong.<br />
Bahu (Shoulder) : Bahu harus kuat namun tidak kasar serta merata dengan tubuh. Sapi dengan bahu yang tidak rata menandakan kurang kuat dalam menyangga bagian tubuh depan sapi.<br />
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Punggung : Punggung harus lurus dan kuat. Punggung yang lemah menandakan lemahnya tubuh secara umum.<br />
Bokong / Rump dan pangkal paha (Thurl) : Bokong dan pangkal paha harus panjang dan kuat untuk menahan tubuh dan ambing. Sapi harus memiliki tulang pinggul (hips) dan tulang duduk (pin bones) untuk kapasitas yang lebih besar dan kemudahan dalam beranak. Ekor harus ramping dan pangkal ekor harus berpadu dengan rapi pada bokong.<br />
Kaki Sapi: Kaki harus lurus, kuat, cukup lebar untuk menyangga ambing yang lebih besar, serta memiliki sudut yang tepat untuk melangkah.<br />
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Pundak (withers): Pundak harus tajam melebihi bagian atas punggung. Hal ini menandakan tidak adanya lemak dan sering kali diindikasikan sebagai penghasil susu yang baik. Kulit harus tipis, lepas, dan lentur.<br />
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Body Capacity : mengacu pada kapasitas yang berhubungan dengan kerangka tubuh. Sapi dengan body capacity yang bagus memiliki lingkar dada dan lingkar perut yang luas. Saat menilai ternak ada tiga dimensi yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu panjang badan, lebar dan dalam dada sapi.<br />
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Ambing : Ambing harus besar. Ini menandakan adanya sejumlah jaringan sekresi susu. Namun sebaiknya tidak mengandung jaringan yang non produktif yang dapat membatasi ruang jaringan sekresi susu untuk memproduksi susu. Jaringan tersebut dapat dikenali dengan melihat perubahan bentuk ambing yang significant setelah pemerahan. Ambing harus baik perlekatannya pada perut untuk mencegah terjadinya luka pada ambing dan agar mudah beradaptasi dengan penggunaan alat mesin perah modern. Ambing belakang (rear udder) harus tinggi dan lebar. Kuartir depan harus seimbang dengan kuartir belakang, panjangnya sedang melekat pada perut. Puting harus seragam ukurannya. Tepat melekat pada ambing sehingga memudahkan pemerahan.<br />
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Sumber :<br />
Workbook, “Dairy Judging” to analyze and select individual animals, while acquiring valuable communication and observation skills. © 2006 Holstein Foundat ion, Inc.<br />
andreasrecipes.comRyan Faterna unramhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11051860571977675753noreply@blogger.com0